Table 2.

Studies of Representative Compounds Related to Trx Against AD.

Compound	Treatment	Species	Model	Protective mechanisms	References
Resveratrol	200 mg/kg·per day) for 8 weeks, oral gavage	Mice	overexpressing APP	↑learning and memory, ↑hUC-MSCs engraftment and neurogenesis, ↓neural apoptosis in the hippocampus	X. Wang et al., 2018
	10, 20, 40 μM	PC12 cells	Aβ1-42	↑the cell viability of PC12 cells, ↓the production of MDA and ROS, ↑expression of SOD and GSH, activates PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway	Hui et al., 2018
	10, 50 nM	BV-2 microglial cells	Aβ1-42	↓Aβ-induced proliferation and activation of BV-2 cells, ↓the release of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, IL-1β, ↓ TXNIP/Trx/NLRP3 pathway	Feng and Zhang, 2019
Salidroside	30 mg/kg orally once daily for 3 consecutive months	Mice	APPswe/PS1ΔE9	↑learning and memory, ↑SOD and GSH in hippocampal tissue, ↓MDA and nitrate in the hippocampus, and the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, ↓IL-6 and TNF-α	Q. Li et al., 2018
	0.3 mg/ml with free access for 2 months	Mice	APP/PS1	↑locomotor activity, ↓soluble and insoluble Aβ levels, ↑expression of PSD95, NMDAR1, and CaMK II, ↑PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling	H. Wang et al., 2020
	20, 40 mg/kg orally daily for 28 days from day 15th of d-gal injection	Rats	d-galactose	↑cognitive function, ↓TNF-α, IL-6) and IL-1β, ↓TXNIP, ↑Trx, ↓Bax and caspase-9, ↑Bcl-2, ↓SIRT1/NF-κB pathway	J. Gao et al., 2016
	50 and 100 μM	SH-SY5Y cells	Aβ25-35	↓loss of cell viability and apoptosis, ↑Trx, HO-1 and PrxI, ↑mitochondrial membrane potential, ↓phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAP kinase	L. Zhang et al., 2010
	50 μM	PC12 cells	Aβ1-42	↓Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways, ↑ ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways	Liao et al., 2019
Estrogen	250 nM pre-treated for 24 h	SH-SY5Y cells	Aβ1-42	↓Aβ neurotoxicity and ASK1 activation, ↑Trx-1 expression	Mateos et al., 2012
	100 nM co-treated for 24 h	SH-SY5Y cells	Aβ1-42	↑cell viability and protein level of Trx, ↓ROS production, cell apoptosis, ΔΨm, and the protein levels of PERK, IREα, and TXNIP	Pan et al., 2020
Dl-NBP	40 and 80 mg/kg orally once daily for 3 months	Mice	SAMP8	↑cognitive function and synaptic plasticity	Lv et al., 2018
	20 mg/kg oral gavage once daily for 5 months	Mice	APP/PS1	↑Trx, ↓TXNIP/NLRP3	Wang et al., 2019
	20, 60 mg/kg oral gavage once daily for 5 months	Mice	APP/PS1	↑learning and memory and synaptic plasticity, ↓soluble Aβ and Aβoligomer in the mouse brain, ↑CREB and Nrf2	Wang et al., 2016
	1 and 10 μM	Rat primary astrocytes	Aβ1-42	↓Aβ-induced activation of astrocytes and the upregulation of proinflammatory molecules, IκBα degradation and NF-κB translocation	H. M. Wang et al., 2013

Note:↑, increase; ↓, decrease.