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. 2021 Jan 28;6(5):3910–3920. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05776

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© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Non-Commercial No Derivative Works (CC-BY-NC-ND) Attribution License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article, and creation of adaptations, all for non-commercial purposes.

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(a) Driving force generated by the shape gradient (F_l) propels liquid droplets toward the region with a larger curvature radius. (b) Driving force generated by surface wettability gradient (F_w) propels liquid droplets toward the wetter region (adapted from ref (30). Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society). (c) Driving forces of the directional movement of droplets on the surface of vertical cylindrical filament with spindle knots. (d) Driving forces of the directional movement of droplets on the surface of the vertical filament with bumps.