Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included RCTs
| Authors (Year) | Country | Sample (N) | Mean age (Years) | Mean duration of dialysis (Years) | Exercise prescription (FITT) | Trial duration | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kirkman (2014) | UK |
I：9 C：10 |
I：48 ± 18 C：58 ± 15 |
I：46 ± 54 C：66 ± 47 |
3/week; 80% of patient's predicted 1RM; leg press exercise; N.D. | 12 weeks | 6MWT, STS30 |
| Wu (2014) | China |
I：32 C：33 |
I：45 （37–48） C：44 （41–50） |
I：55.5 ± 37.3 C：39.8 ± 29.7 |
3/week; energy consumption of 70–100 calories, a Borg tiredness score of 12–16 and an increase in the heart rate of 20 beats/min; recumbent cycling; 30–40 min | 12 weeks | 6MWT, STS30, HG |
| Olvera (2015) | Mexico |
I：30 C：31 |
I：28.5 （23–46.5） C：29 （19–38） |
I：12（5.75–37.75） C：18（8–39） |
2/week; N.D.; arm extension, lower leg extension, etc; 50 min | 12 weeks | HG |
| Song (2012) | Korea |
I：20 C：20 |
I：52.1 ± 12.4 C：54.6 ± 10.1 |
I：38.9 ± 26.1 C：45.9 ± 56.2 |
3/week; warm up and cool down: 8–10 RPE; exercise: 11–15 RPE; two additional upper‐body stretches on top of eight movements; 30 min | 12 weeks | HG, STS30, PCS, MCS |
| Cheema (2007) | USA |
I：24 C：25 |
I：60.0 ± 15.3 C：65.0 ± 12.9 |
I：3.3（0.3, 16.7） C：1.6（0.6, 10.3） |
3/week; 15–17 out of 20 at the RPE scale; shoulder press, side shoulder raise, triceps extension, etc; N.D. | 12 weeks | 6MWT, PCS, MCS |
| Thompson (2016) | Canada |
I：7 C：8 |
I：59.7 （45.9, 81.4） C：49.3 （43.0, 62.3） |
I：2.8（2.0, 4.0） C：3.3（1.2, 6.2） |
3/week; 12–14 or “somewhat hard” on the RPE scale; ankle weights; N.D. | 12 weeks | 6MWT, STS30, PCS, MCS |
| Martin (2016) | Mexico |
I：22 C：22 |
I：35 （24–41.5） C：30 （24–47） |
N.D. | 3/week; 12–13 or “somewhat hard” on the RPE scale; lower leg extension, arm extension, etc; 40 min | 12 weeks | HG |
| Chen (2010) | USA |
I：22 C：22 |
I：71.1 ± 12.6 C：66.9 ± 13.4 |
I：2.6 ± 2.6 C：4.8 ± 5.2 |
2/week; 60% of 1RM; knee extension, leg curl, etc; N.D. | 24 weeks | PCS, MCS |
| Pellizzaro (2013) | Brazil |
I：14 C：14 |
I：48.9 ± 10.1 C：51.9 ± 11.6 |
I：54（10.7, 120） C：54（12, 78） |
3/week; 50% 1RM; knee extension; N.D. | 10 weeks | 6MWT |
| Liu (2017) | China |
I：39 C：38 |
60.75 ± 12.53 | 50.08 ± 41.25 | 3/week; elastic band is stretched and patient is well tolerated; ankle extension; 40 min | 12 weeks | PCS, MCS |
| Sun (2016) | China |
I：24 C：22 |
I：57.1 ± 2.9 C：58.1 ± 3.0 |
I：71.0 ± 13.2 C：81.4 ± 13.2 |
3/week; 13–16 on the RPE scale; shoulder press, side shoulder raise, triceps extension, etc; 30–60 min | 12 weeks | 6MWT, HG |
| Segura (2009) | Spain |
I：17 C：8 |
I：53.8 ± 18.0 C：60.1 ± 16.9 |
I：37.3 ± 34.9 C：53.7 ± 42.0 |
3/week; 12–14 on the RPE scale; unilateral triple extension; 35 min | 24 weeks |
6MWT, STS30, PCS, MCS |
| CSDC (2018) | Brazil |
I：28 C：24 |
I：54.49 ± 11.97 C：57.10 ± 16.20 |
I：1.54 ± 1.26 C：2.35 ± 1.66 |
3/week; N.D.; a repetition maximum training zone regime; 40–50 min | 12 weeks | 6MWT, HG, PCS, MCS |
| Kopple (2007) | USA |
I：15 C：14 |
I：46.0 ± 2.7 C：41.3 ± 3.33 |
I：51.9 ± 12.4 C：51.4 ± 21.0 |
3/week; 70% of the 5‐RM; leg extension/leg curl/calf extension; 45–50 min | 21 weeks | DPI, DEI |
6MWT: 6‐min walk test; C: control; DEI: dietary energy intake; DPI: dietary protein intake; FITT: frequency, intensity, type, time; HG: grip strength; I: intervention; MCS: Mental Component Dimensions of the SF‐36; N.D.: no data; PCS: Physical Component Dimensions of the SF‐36; RPE: rate of perceived exertion; STS 30: sit‐to‐stand 30.
Values are mean ± SD or median (first and third quartiles).
Mean ± SEM.