Table 2.

Patient‐Oriented Outcomes

Study/year/location	Population/Sample size	Knowledge (self‐efficacy)	Self‐care behaviours	Health outcomes/Health Status	Satisfaction
Bostrom (1996) United States	Adult NIC: 445 PIC: 494 C: 474				Satisfaction with healthcare education (30days) No significant differences in the mean scores between the three groups in any of the categories: medications (F=0.508, p > .5), activities of daily living (F=0.063, p > .9), community and follow‐up (F=0.030, p > .9), feelings related to condition (F=0.862, p > .4), treatment and complications (F=0.260, p > .5), enhancing quality of life (F=0.530, p > .5) and skin care (F=0.540, p > .5)
Kangovi, S (2014) United States	Adults (18–64 years); uninsured or insured by Medicaid, general medicine ward I: 222 C: 224		Patient activation (2weeks) Intervention patients were more likely to report improved (3.4 versus 1.6; p = .05). Medication adherence (2weeks) No differences (63.7% versus 59.3%, p = .37)	Mental health (2weeks) Intervention patients reported higher improvement in mental health (6.7 versus 4.5; p = .02) Physical health (2weeks) No differences in physical health (5.5 versus 4.8, p = .62)	Discharge communication (2weeks) Higher quality discharge communication in intervention group (91.3% versus 78.7%; p = .002; adjusted OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.5–5.8) Satisfaction with medical care (2weeks) No differences (3.4 versus 3.4; p = .85)
Naylor, M. D. (1999) United States	Adults, High risk for poor postdischarge outcomes I: 177 C: 186			Functional status No significant group differences (I: 22.4, SD = 8.1, C:22.6, SD = 8.4, p = .86) Depression No significant group differences (I: 12.1, SD = 10, C:10.7, SD = 9.8, p = .26)	Satisfaction (2, 6, 12, 24weeks) No significant group differences (p = .92)
Altfeld, S.J. (2013) United States	Older Adult I: 360 C: 360			Patient stress (30days) No significant differences between groups (OR = 0.85) Caregiver stress (30days) No significant differences between groups (OR = 1.02) Patient assessment of health (30days) No significant differences between groups (OR = 1.27)	Physician communication survey (30days) Intervention group significantly more likely to have communicated with their physicians (90.3% versus 81.9%, p = .002)
Chan (2015) United States	Older Adult (≥55) I: 347 C:352				Quality of the transitional care experience (30days) No statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups on the CTM−3 scores (80.5% versus 78.5%; p = .18) Discharge communication (30days) No differences on HCAHPS discharge communication scores (74.8% versus 68.7%; p = .11).
Courtney (2009) Australia	Older Adults (≥65), At‐risk for re‐admission I: 64 C:64			Quality of life (4weeks, 12weeks, and 24weeks) Intervention group had better Quality of life scores Physical Component Summary scores (F (3,279) = 30.43, p < .001) Mental Component Summary scores (F (3,279) = 7.20, p < .001)
Li, H. (2012) United States	Adults (≥21 years) who were primary caregivers for a hospitalized older adult (≥65 years) I: 202 C:205			Depressive symptoms (2weeks and 2months) No differences between groups 2weeks (I: 2.77 versus C: 2.33, p = .20) and 2months (I: 2.06 versus C: 2.03, p = .90) Patient's cognitive status (2w and 2mo) No differences between groups 2weeks (I: 2.27 versus C: 1.79, p = .19) and 2months (I: 2.21 versus C: 1.68, p = .10) Functional status (2weeks) No differences between groups (I: 25.47 versus. C: 24.12, p = .21)
Cajanding (2017) Philippines	Adult Cardic I: 75 C: 68	Cardiac self‐efficacy (30d post) Statistically significant improvement in cardiac self‐efficacy in intervention group The mean difference in cardiac self‐efficacy scores was 5.61 ± 1.13 (95% CI, 7.87 ± 3.36); p < .01		Functional status (30days) Statistically significant improvement of functional status in intervention group The mean difference in perceived functional status scores was 8.59 ± 2.29 (95% CI, 4.02 ± 13.16); p < .01	Satisfaction (30days) Statistically significant higher satisfaction in intervention group The mean difference in satisfaction scores was 17.33 ± 2.73 (95% CI, 22.78 ± 11.89); p < .01
Davis,K.K. (2012) United States	Adults ( ≥21) Cardiac I: 63 C: 62	Heart failure knowledge (30days) Significant increase in intervention group (mean difference = 0.04, SD = 1.69, p < .001)	Heart failure self‐care (30days) No differences on the Self‐Care maintenance (mean difference = −13.75, SD = 17.78, p = .711), management (mean difference = −3.75, SD = 21.44, p = .430) or confidence (mean difference = 0.55, SD = 17.86, p = .692)	Depression (30days) No difference in depressive symptoms in both groups (I: meaN = 52% versus. C: meaN = 56%; p = .65)
Hanssen, T. A (2007) Norway	Adults Cardiac I: 156 C: 132		Physical activity (6 months) Intervention group reported more frequent physical activity (p = .004). No differences found at 3mo. Smoking cessation (6 months) No difference in smoking cessation (I: 60%, versus C: 40.8%, p = .055)	Quality of life (6 months) No differences on quality of life scores between groups except for a significant improvement in the physical health component (I: 7.31, SD = 7.46, C: 4.98, SD = 8.10, p = .039) in favour of the intervention group
Harrison, M. B. (2002) Canada	Adults Cardiac I: 92 C:100			Quality of life (heart failure) (6weeks and 12weeks) Improved scores with intervention patients at 6w (I: 27.2, SD = 19.1, C: 37.5, SD = 20.3, p = .002) and 12 w (I: 25.8, SD = 19.4, C: 38.4, SD = 18.2, p < .001) Generic quality of life Improved mental health component of SF−36 at 6 w, (I: 53.46, SD = 10.50, C: 49.53, SD = 11.29, p = .05) No differences were found on the physical component at 6weeks (p = .82) and 12weeks (p = .07) and on the general health at 6weeks (p = .07) and 12weeks (p = .434)
Holmes‐Rovner, M. (2008) United States	≥ 21 years Cardiac I: 268 C:257		Physical activity (3months) Intervention group showed higher self‐reported physical activity (OR = 1.53; p = .01) during the first three months, with decline after active intervention was withdrawn. Weight loss (3months) No differences (OR = 1.08; p > .05) Smoking cessation (3months) No differences (OR = 2.34; p > .05)	Functional status (8months) No differences (I: 29.12 versus C: 30.00; p = .55) Quality of life (8months) No differences (I: 0.75 versus C: 0.74; p = .55) at 8mo
Jaarsma, T. (2000) Netherlands	≥50 years Cardiac I: 55 C: 73		Heart Failure Self‐care Behaviour (1month and 3months) Significant increase in self‐care behaviour in intervention group at 1month (I: 14.2, SD = 2.9, C: 12.2, SD = 2.9, p < .001) and at 3month (I: 12.2, SD = 3.1, C: 10.6, SD = 3.2, p = .005). No differences at 9months follow‐up (p = .11)
Jerant et al. (2003) United States	≥40 years Cardiac 25 (Home telecare: 13, telephone: 12, control: 12)			Quality of life (2months) No statistically significant differences (p = .39)	Satisfaction (2months) No statistically significant differences (p = .40)
Laramee, A.S. (2003) United States	Cardiac I: 122 C:112		Adherence to plan (4weeks and 12weeks) The intervention group adhered to the treatment plan better than the usual care group with regard to daily weights (I: 4.6 versus C: 3.1, p < .001), checks for oedema (I: 4.8 versus C: 4.6, p = .02), low‐salt diet (I: 4.8 versus C: 4.4, p < .001) and fluid recommendation (I: 5.0 versus C: 4.6, p = .003) Medication adherence No differences found for medication adherence (p = .04).		Satisfaction (4weeks) Intervention group more satisfied with care (I: 4.2 versus C: 3.8, p < .001)
Lenz, E. R. (2000) United States	Cardiac I: 19 C: 19			Perioperative complications (3−4days, 2weeks, 4weeks, 6weeks, and 12weeks) No differences between groups (F(1,36)= 4.61, p < .04) Depressive symptoms (3−4days, 2weeks, 4weeks, 6weeks, and 12weeks) No differences between groups (F(1,34) =0.01, p < .91) Functional status (3−4days, 2weeks, 4weeks, 6weeks, and 12weeks) No differences between groups (F(1,36)=0.09, p < .67)	Patient satisfaction (3−4days, 2weeks, 4weeks, 6weeks, and 12weeks) No differences between groups (F(1,35) =1.87, p < .18)
Naylor, M. D. (2004) United States	Older Adults (≥65 years), Cardiac I: 118 C: 121			Quality of life The intervention group reported greater overall quality of life at 12 weeks (I: 3.2, SD = 1.5, C: 2.7, SD = 1.5, p < .05) and in the physical dimension at 2 weeks (I: 3.5, SD = 1.2, C: 3.0, SD = 1.2, p < .01) and 12 weeks (3.6, SD = 1.4, C: 3.1, SD = 1.6, p < .05) No differences between groups at 6, 26 and 52weeks. Functional status Statistically significant group differences in functional status did not emerge, although less dependency was, on average, observed	Satisfaction with care Satisfaction with care was greater in intervention patients at 2 and 6 weeks (83.1, SD = 9.6, C: 77.8, SD = 11.2, p < .001)
Nucifora, G (2006) Italy	Adults Cardiac I: 74 C: 75		Compliance with self‐care behaviours (6months) No difference between groups (p > .05) Medication use (6months) No differences between groups (I: 87% versus C: 84%, p > .05)	Quality of life (6months) No differences in groups (I: 14, SD = 20, C: 10, SD = 16, p > .05) Clinical status (6months) No differences between groups (p > .05)
Zhao and Wong (2009) China	Older Adults (≥60 years), Cardiac I: 100 C: 100	Self‐reported understanding of congenital heart disease (CHD) risk factors Improved for intervention group between 2days and 4weeks after discharge, p < .01 No differences between 4weeks and 12weeks. Self‐reported understanding of CHD diet Higher for intervention group at 2days, 4weeks and 12weeks postdischarge, p < .001. Knowledge level increased between follow‐ups for intervention group, p < .01. Self‐reported understanding of CHD medication Increased more among intervention group at 2days, 4weeks and 12weeks, p < .001 Self‐reported understanding of CHD physical exercise Increased in intervention group at 12weeks, p < .001. No differences at 2days and 4weeks follow‐up.	Health‐related lifestyle behaviour compliance Intervention group reported better at 2days, p = .026, 4weeks, p < .001 and 12weeks, p < .001 Self‐reported diet adherence Better in intervention group at 2days, p = .003, 4weeks, p < .001 and 12weeks, p = .023 Medication adherence Intervention patients reported better at 4weeks, p = .012 and 12weeks, p < .001. No difference at 2days. Physical exercise compliance Intervention patients reported better at 12weeks, p < .001. No group differences at 2days and 4weeks.
Boter (2004) Netherlands	Adult Stroke I: 231 C: 255			Quality of life (6months) No statistically significant differences except for higher scores in intervention group on the SF−36 domain “Role Emotional” (mean difference = 7.9; 95% CL, 0.1 to 15.7) Anxiety (6months) Lower anxiety scores in intervention group Hospital depression subscale: Difference between medians = 1 (−0.52 to 2.98) Hospital anxiety subscale: Difference between medians = 1 (0.19 to 2.79) Carers’ strain (6months) No statistically significant differences between the 2 groups Difference between medians = 0 (−1.01 to 1.53) Carers’ social support (6months) No statistically significant differences between the 2 groups Difference between medians = 0 (−1.20 to 1.20)	Dissatisfaction with stroke care (6months) No differences in satisfaction with care in hospital or after discharge. Hospital subscale (RR = 1.17) and home subscale (RR 1.07)
Hill, A‐M (2013) Australia	≥60 years, Stroke or Rehabilitation units I: 25 C:25	Self‐perceived risk and knowledge about falls (1month) Intervention group had a significantly increased self‐perceived risk of falls [OR 4.96, 95% CI (2.84, 7.10), p < .001] and of falls injuries [OR 4.76, 95% CI (2.59, 6.94), p < .001]	Engagement in falls prevention strategies (1month) Intervention group was more likely to seek formal assistance for ADL [Adjusted OR 3.02, 95% CI (0.82, 11.10), p = .09] and IADL [AOR 2.53, 95% CI (0.75, 8.59), p = .14], plan to gradually resume functional activities [AOR 3.80, 95% CI (1.07, 13.52), p = .04], participate in their own home exercise programme [AOR 2.76, 95% CI (0.72, 10.50), p = .14] and make their own informal home modifications [AOR 2.43, 95% CI (0.74, 7.96), p = .14], although only one comparison reached statistical significance.	Falls and fall injuries (1month) Intervention group had less falls (I: 5.4/1000 and C: 18.7/1000) [Adjusted OR 3.38, 95% CI (0.98, 11.56), p = .05] and fall injuries (I: 2.2/1000 and C: 10.4/1000) [Adjusted OR 4.42, 95% CI (0.66, 29.54), p = .12]
Hoffmann, T. (2015) Australia	Adults Stroke 23 (Coping skills: N = 11; Self‐management: N = 12) C:10	Stroke knowledge (3months) No difference on stroke self‐efficacy or knowledge		Depression No difference at 1week and 3months. Anxiety No difference at 1week and 3months.
Chow (2010) China	Adults, Dialysis I: 43 C: 42			Kidney disease quality of life (6weeks and 12weeks) Statistically significant within‐group effects were found for symptoms/problems (F = 4.5, p = .01), effects of kidney disease (F = 3.28, p = .04), sleep (F = 3.46, p = .03), role‐physical (F = 6.95, p = .00), pain (F = 3.17, p = .05), emotional wellbeing (F = 4.35, p = .01) and social function (F = 7.95, p = .00). Statistically significant interaction effects were demonstrated for staff encouragement (F = 5.21, p = .01), patient satisfaction (F = 3.62, p = .03), sleep (F = 9.47, p = .00) and social function (F = 4.62, p = .01)
Gonçalves, N. (2016) Brazil	Adults (≥18), Burn victims I: 43 C:46	Perceived self‐efficacy (6months) No differences on the Perceived Self‐Efficacy Scale (I: 41.3, SD = 6.4, C: 40.4, SD = 7.4, p = .53)		Health status (6months) No differences in perceived health status (I: 129.8, SD = 18.5, C: 127.0, SD = 22.5, p = .52) Anxiety (6months) Intervention patients had lower anxiety score (I: 4.6, SD = 3.5, C: 6.7, SD = 5.0, p = .03) Stress (6months) Lower scores on stress in intervention group (I: 49.5, SD = 35.3, C: 69.2, SD = 39.5, p < .02). Depression (6months) No differences between groups in depression scores (I: 3.8, SD = 4.1, C: 4.4, SD = 4.4, p = .48)
Guihan, M.(2014) United States	Adults (≥18 years), Ulcers I: 71 C:72		Skin care behaviours (6 months) No differences in adherence (I: 85, SD = 15.2, C: 83, SD = 14.6, p = .41)	Skin status (6 months) No differences between groups on skin status (I: meaN = 50.7% versus C: meaN = 45.8%, p = .86)
Huang T.T. (2005) Taiwan	≥65 years, hip fracture due to falling I: 63 C: 63			Survival (3months) Higher survival rate among intervention group (I: 3, SD = 0, C: 2.92, SD = 0.04, p = .04) Quality of life (3months) Higher QOL in intervention group (I: 60.8, SD = 10.5 versus. C: 51.3, SD = 11.6). Group by time interaction was significant (F = 4.06, p < .05) and the main effects of group and time were significant (F = 21.77 and 289.47, p < .01). Falls No significant difference was found in the average time to repeat fall experienced by patients in either group (2.83 versus. 2.79 mo after discharge, p = .57)
Lainscak et al. (2013) Slovenia	COPD I: 118 C:135			Quality of life (6months) No differences between the groups (p = .774)
McCorkle, R. (2000) United States	Older Adult (≥60 years) Cancer I: 190 C:185			Survival The risk of death was approximately doubled among usual care patients (adjusted hazard ratio 2.04; CI, 1.33–3.12; p = .001) compared with those in the intervention group. Depressive symptoms (6months) No differences between groups (I: 9.70, SD = 8.5, C: 9.10, SD = 7.5, p > .01) Symptom distress (6months) No differences between groups (I: 21.01, SD = 7.4, C:19.58, SD = 6.2, p > .01) Enforced social dependency (6months ) No difference between groups (I: 18.85, SD = 8.0, C: 16.94, SD = 6.9, p > .01)