Table 5.

Risk of bias assessment

Study	Sequence generation	Allocation Concealment	Blinding of participants and personnel	Blinding of outcome assessors	Incomplete outcome data	Selective outcome reporting	Other sources of bias
Altfeld	Low	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low
Bostrom	High	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	High
Boter	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Cajanding	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Chan	Low	Low	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low
Chow	Low	Unclear	High	Unclear	Low	Low	Low
Courtney	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Davis	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Gonçalves	Low	Low	Low	High	Low	Low	Low
Guihan	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hanssen	Low	Low	Low	Low	High	Low	Low
Harrison	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hill	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Hoffman	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Holmes‐Rovner	High	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Huang	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low
Jaarsma	Low	Low	High	High	Low	Low	Low
Jerant	Low	Low	High	High	High	High	Low
Kangovi	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Lainscak	Low	Low	High	Low	Low	Low	Low
Laramee	Low	Unclear	High	Low	Low	Low	Low
Lenz	Low	Low	Unclear	High	Low	Low	Low
Li	Low	Low	Unclear	High	Low	Low	Low
McCorkle	Low	Low	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low
Naylor	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low
Naylor	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low
Nucifora	Low	Low	High	High	Low	Low	Low
Zhao	Low	Low	High	Low	High	High	Low