Table 1.

List of considerable biomarkers for COVID-19.

S.No.	Biomarker	Normal patient	Affected patient	Ref.
1	Serum ferritin, (ng/mL)	15.0–150.0	800.4 (452.9–1,451.6)	[102]
2	Cholinesterase (CHE) (kU/L)	8–18	1.5–8	[106]
3	C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/L)	0.0–1.0	57.9 (20.9–103.2)	[102]
4	Creatinine (CREA) (μmol/L)	60–120	30–80	[106]
5	Interleukin-2R, (U/mL)	223.0–710.0	757.0 (528.5–1,136.3)	[102]
6	Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (U/L)	140–280	300–600	[106]
7	IL-6 (pg/mL)	0·0–7.0	7·9	[103]
8	IL-10 (pg/mL)	0–9.1	>15	[105]
9	Cystatin C (Cys C) mg/dl	0.6–1.3	>1.1	[106]
10	D-dimer (μg/mL)	0–0.243	0.4	[19]
11	Urea (mmol/L)	2.5–7.1	4–22	[106]
12	Lymphocyte count (×109/L)	0.8–4	<0.6	[104]
13	Serum amyloid A (SAA) (mg/L)	0–10	108.4	[19]
14	Procalcitonin (ng/mL)	0–0.5	<0.1	[104]
15	Serum direct bilirubin (DBIL) (μmol/L)	5.1–17	>8-60	[106]
Qualitative changes in the blood profile of COVID-19 patients. (The information is adapted from the clinical studies of [107])
Hematologic		WBC count Neutrophil count	Increases
		Lymphocyte count Platelet count Eosinophil count Hemoglobin	Decreases
Biochemical		Alanine aminotransferase Aspartate aminotransferase Total bilirubin Blood urea nitrogen Creatinine Creatine kinase Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Creatine kinase-MB Cardiac Troponin I	Increases
		Albumin	Decreases
Coagulation		Prothrombin time D-dimer	Increases
Inflammatory biomarkers		Erythrocyte sedimentation rate CRP Serum-ferritin PCT IL-2R IL-6 IL-8 IL-10	Increases