Table 3.

Biomarkers detected by microneedles.

Biomarker	Example	Microneedle type	Ref.
Small molecule	Glucose, cholesterol, organophosphate, chloride, lactate, antibiotic, H2O2	Absorbing microneedles, all-in-one microneedles	[61, 69, 71, 72]
DNA	Pathogen DNA	Absorbing microneedles, all-in-one microneedles	[55]
RNA	miRNA	Absorbing microneedles, all-in-one microneedles	[23]
Protein	TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IgG, virus protein, tyrosinase	Absorbing microneedles, all-in-one microneedles	[70, 73, 74]
Cell	Immune cells	Absorbing microneedles	[3]