Figure 7.

Biomimetic in vitro models of human tissues with integrated sensing and monitoring units. (A) Design and operation principles of a gut-on-chip device, along with the equivalent electrical circuit used for impedance monitoring of the intestinal barrier and the corresponding simulations. Reproduced from van der Helm et al. (2019) under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License. (B) A 3D confocal microscopy image of 3D cardiac spheroid labeled with Ca²⁺ indicator dye (Fluo-4, green fluorescence) encapsulated by a self-roll biosensor array for electrical recordings; organ-on-e-chip (left) and 2D map of the microelectrodes of the biosensor array (right). Reproduced from Kalmykov et al. (2019) under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial license. (C) Image and design of a novel multi-well high-dense microelectrode array for cell migration studies (top), cell migration pattern for mitomycin C treated human breast cancer cells on the microelectrode array (bottom left), and comparative magnification to mitomycin C untreated cells (red circles mark electrodes) (bottom right). Adapted from Jahnke et al. (2019) under the Creative Commons Attribution International License. (D) Schematic representation of the setup of a 3D transistor in a tube (Tubistor), based on electroactive scaffolds (left), for hosting and concurrently monitoring 3D cell cultures. Reproduced from Pitsalidis et al. (2018) under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial license.