Table 1. Characteristics of COPD patients at baseline (n = 296).
| Characteristics | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Female | 144 (48·7%) |
| Age, years | |
| Median (IQR) | 60 (44, 70) |
| Marital Status | |
| Single | 33 (11·2%) |
| Married | 173 (58·4%) |
| Separated | 32 (10·8%) |
| Widowed | 58 (19·6%) |
| Employed, yes | 140 (47·3%) |
| Education, highest level | |
| None | 41 (13·9%) |
| Some/Completed Primary | 141 (47·8%) |
| Some/Completed Secondary | 64 (21·7%) |
| Tertiary | 49 (16·6%) |
| Respiratory Symptoms, yes | |
| Cough | 261 (88·1%) |
| Sputum | 210 (70·9%) |
| Wheezing | 238 (80·4%) |
| Shortness of breath | 273 (92·2%) |
| Chest pain | 216 (72·9%) |
| Lung Function (baseline post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio), % | |
| Median (IQR) | 61 (49, 68) |
| Missing | 71 (23·9%) |
| Severity of COPD by GOLD stage (based on baseline post-bronchodilator FEV1) | |
| Stage 1 (FEV1 ≥ 80%)—mild | 71 (23·9%) |
| Stage 2 (FEV1 50–79%)—moderate | 86 (29·1%) |
| Stage 3 (FEV1 30–49%)—severe | 49 (16·6%) |
| Stage 4 (FEV1 < 30%)–very severe | 19 (6·4%) |
| Missing | 71 (23·9%) |
| Medications, yes | |
| Salbutamol inhaler | 144 (48·7%) |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 30 (10·1%) |
| Combination inhalers (steroid, LABA) | 25 (8·5%) |
| Leukotriene modifiers | 13 (4·39%) |
| Any medications for COPD | 153 (51·69%) |
| Risk factors and co-morbid conditions | |
| History of tobacco smoking | |
| Never smoked tobacco | 169 (57·1%) |
| Former tobacco smoker | 89 (30·1%) |
| Current tobacco smoker | 38 (12·8%) |
| Use of biomass†, yes | 274 (92·6%) |
| Ever been treated for TB, yes | 62 (20·9%) |
| HIV status | 31 (10·4%) |
| Positive | 31 (10·5%) |
| Negative | 241 (81·4%) |
| Unknown | 24 (8·1%) |
| Nasal congestion or rhinorrhea, yes | 156 (52·7%) |
| Heart burn, yes | 168 (56·7%) |
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2, (median and IQR) | 21·4 (19·1, 25·0) |
| Underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2), % | 58 (19·7%) |
| Normal weight (BMI 18·5 to 24·99 kg/m2), % | 165 (55·9%) |
| Overweight (BMI 25kg/m2 to 29·99 kg/m2), % | 42 (14·2%) |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), % | 30 (10·2%) |
| Hypertensive, i·e·, SBP/DBP cutoff 140/90 mmHg | 101 (34·1%) |
| SPO2, % (median and IQR) | 96 (92, 98) |
| Number of moderate/severe exacerbations (within the past one year) | |
| < 3 | 194 (65·8%) |
| ≥ 3 | 101 (34·2%) |
Abbreviations used in the table: BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; CS: Corticosteroid; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC: forced vital capacity; IQR: interquartile range; LABA: long acting beta2 agonist; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TB: tuberculosis; SPO2: peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, %.
Biomass refers to wood and charcoal (typically used for cooking purposes).