Table 3. Risk indicators associated with COVID-19 and COVID-19-related clinical phenotypes in dentists.
| Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 vs tested negative or not tested | COVID-19-related clinical phenotypes vs not | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable OR (95% CI, p-value) | Multivariable OR (95% CI, p-value) | Univariable OR (95% CI, p-value) | Multivariable OR (95% CI, p-value) | |
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age (>44 years) | 1.04 (0.66–1.66, p = 0.855) | - | 0.77 (0.64–0.91, p = 0.003) | 0.86 (0.70–1.04, p = 0.120) |
| Male gender | 1.17 (0.75–1.83, p = 0.479) | - | 0.74 (0.62–0.89, p = 0.001) | 0.74 (0.61–0.89, p = 0.002) |
| ≥ 1 child | 0.72 (0.45–1.14, p = 0.166) | 0.66 (0.40–1.05, p = 0.081) | 0.96 (0.81–1.14, p = 0.660) | - |
| Medical conditions | ||||
| Current pregnancy | 1.35 (0.22–4.41, p = 0.676) | - | 0.91 (0.46–1.67, p = 0.786) | - |
| Current smoking | 0.99 (0.41–2.03, p = 0.986) | - | 1.05 (0.78–1.40, p = 0.740) | - |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Allergies | 3.64 (0.58–12.37, p = 0.081) | 4.61 (0.72–16.52, p = 0.044) | 1.66 (0.66–3.67, p = 0.241) | - |
| Diabetes | 0.75 (0.04–3.45, p = 0.774) | - | 0.73 (0.32–1.44, p = 0.400) | - |
| Hypertension | 1.65 (0.72–3.26, p = 0.187) | - | 0.89 (0.62–1.26, p = 0.536) | - |
| Cardiopathies | 0.87 (0.14–2.82, p = 0.853) | - | 0.87 (0.49–1.44, p = 0.603) | - |
| COPD | 0.66 (0.11–2.14, p = 0.571) | - | 1.61 (1.08–2.35, p = 0.016) | 1.59 (1.04–2.36, p = 0.027) |
| CKD | 6.62 (1.04–23.80, p = 0.013) | 6.52 (0.95–26.44, p = 0.021) | 1.62 (0.46–4.54, p = 0.395) | - |
| Malignancies | 0.56 (0.03–2.55, p = 0.564) | - | 0.60 (0.28–1.14, p = 0.150) | - |
| Obesity | 2.94 (1.01–6.76, p = 0.023) | 3.13 (1.06–7.46, p = 0.019) | 1.12 (0.63–1.88, p = 0.678) | - |
| ID | 1.13 (0.06–5.26, p = 0.906) | - | 1.54 (0.72–2.99, p = 0.229) | - |
| Other | 1.14 (0.28–3.10, p = 0.826) | - | 1.00 (0.61–1.57, p = 0.999) | - |
| Clinical practice | ||||
| Specialty | ||||
| General practice | 0.74 (0.44–1.33, p = 0.289) | - | 0.74 (0.59–0.92, p = 0.006) | 0.82 (0.65–1.04, p = 0.099) |
| Endodontics | 0.24 (0.04–0.78, p = 0.049) | 0.21 (0.04–0.69, p = 0.033) | 0.88 (0.65–1.18, p = 0.411) | - |
| Oral surgery | 1.20 (0.64–2.09, p = 0.537) | - | 1.18 (0.93–1.47, p = 0.163) | - |
| Orthodontics | 0.48 (0.15–1.16, p = 0.154) | 0.39 (0.12–0.95, p = 0.068) | 0.98 (0.73–1.29, p = 0.871) | - |
| Pediatric dentistry | 0.52 (0.13–1.39, p = 0.263) | - | 1.43 (1.05–1.92, p = 0.019) | - |
| Restaurative dentistry | 0.26 (0.04–0.84, p = 0.063) | - | 0.92 (0.67–1.24, p = 0.607) | - |
| Periodontology | 0.88 (0.44–1.61, p = 0.707) | - | 1.37 (1.09–1.70, p = 0.005) | 1.35 (1.06–1.70, p = 0.014) |
| Prosthodontics | 0.84 (0.41–1.57, p = 0.618) | - | 1.02 (0.80–1.29, p = 0.857) | - |
| Implantology | 2.00 (0.69–4.55, p = 0.142) | - | 1.38 (0.88–2.09, p = 0.139) | - |
| Gnathology | 2.01 (0.48–5.52, p = 0.246) | - | 0.88 (0.44–1.59, p = 0.684) | - |
| Private practice | 0.49 (0.27–1.00, p = 0.033) | - | 0.76 (0.57–1.04, p = 0.074) | - |
| Working in group practice | 1.74 (0.98–2.93, p = 0.046) | - | 1.16 (0.91–1.47, p = 0.214) | - |
| Number of staff | ||||
| Medical (>2) | 1.40 (0.89–2.19, p = 0.143) | - | 1.20 (1.01–1.42, p = 0.034) | - |
| Non-medical (>2) | 1.53 (0.98–2.43, p = 0.065) | 1.58 (1.00–2.54, p = 0.054) | 1.29 (1.08–1.53, p = 0.004) | 1.23 (1.02–1.49, p = 0.029) |
| Taking public transportation | 1.77 (0.95–3.09, p = 0.055) | - | 1.62 (1.27–2.06, p<0.001) | 1.49 (1.15–1.93, p = 0.002) |
| Before lockdown | 2.03 (1.09–3.55, p = 0.018) | 1.86 (0.97–3.33, p = 0.046) | 1.58 (1.22–2.03, p<0.001) | - |
| After lockdown | 0.93 (0.23–2.52, p = 0.900) | - | 1.67 (1.14–2.40, p = 0.007) | - |
| Changes after lockdown | ||||
| Private sphere | ||||
| Household size increase | 0.65 (0.30–1.23, p = 0.219) | - | 0.68 (0.53–0.88, p = 0.003) | 0.77 (0.58–1.00, p = 0.057) |
| Household size decrease | 1.04 (0.36–2.35, p = 0.935) | - | 1.38 (0.99–1.89, p = 0.053) | 1.34 (0.94–1.87, p = 0.093) |
| Relocation | 0.60 (0.10–1.92, p = 0.477) | - | 1.53 (1.03–2.21, p = 0.027) | - |
| Other | 3.40 (0.55–11.52, p = 0.097) | - | 2.49 (1.13–5.11, p = 0.017) | 2.19 (0.92–4.85, p = 0.061) |
| Work environment | ||||
| No change | 2.26 (1.12–4.16, p = 0.014) | - | 1.57 (1.16–2.11, p = 0.003) | - |
| Work rhythm | 0.66 (0.39–1.08, p = 0.108) | 0.58 (0.34–0.96, p = 0.039) | 0.56 (0.46–0.68, p<0.001) | 0.51 (0.41–0.63, p<0.001) |
| Clinical practice | 0.33 (0.21–0.52, p<0.001) | 0.32 (0.20–0.51, p<0.001) | 0.74 (0.61–0.88, p = 0.001) | 0.73 (0.61–0.89, p = 0.002) |
| Reduce number of medical staff | 1.00 (0.54–1.71, p = 0.992) | - | 0.87 (0.69–1.08, p = 0.219) | - |
| Reduce number of paramedical staff | 0.90 (0.55–1.43, p = 0.651) | - | 0.74 (0.61–0.89, p = 0.001) | - |
| Reduce number of administrative staff | 1.24 (0.73–2.04, p = 0.409) | - | 0.84 (0.68–1.04, p = 0.120) | - |
| Work stopping | 2.99 (1.23–6.19, p = 0.007) | - | 1.86 (1.23–2.75, p = 0.002) | - |
OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confident interval. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; ID: immunodeficiencies.