Table 2. Association between physical health status in the past 14 days and the psychological impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak as well as adverse mental health status during the epidemic (N = 4479).
Variable | Impact of Event | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | AR2 | B (95%CI) | R2 | AR2 | B (95%CI) | R2 | AR2 | B (95%CI) | R2 | AR2 | B (95%CI) | |
Prolonged or Recuring Fever | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.10(-0.01 to 0.21) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004(-0.09 to 0.09) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03(-0.09 to 0.16) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.08(-0.03 to 0.19) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Chills or Rigors | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.09(-0.02 to 0.20) | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.11*(-0.20 to- 0.02) | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.14*(-0.26 to -0.01) | <0.001 | <0.001 | -0.08(-0.19 to 0.04) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Headache | ||||||||||||
Yes | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02(-0.07 to 0.11) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.11**(0.04 to 0.19) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.15**(0.05 to 0.25) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.13**(0.03to 0.22) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Myalgia | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.18***(0.08 to 0.28) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03(-0.06 to 0.11) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.08(-0.03 to 0.19) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03(-0.07 to 0.13) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Cough | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.19***(0.10 to 0.28) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.04(-0.04 to 0.12) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.12*(0.02 to 0.23) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.07(-0.03 to 0.16) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Breathing Difficulties | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.10(-0.01 to 0.21) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02(-0.07 to 0.11) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.05(-0.07 to 0.18) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.08(-0.04 to 0.19) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Dizziness | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.20***(0.10 to 0.30) | <0.001 | <0.001 | -0.01(-0.09 to 0.08) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02(-0.10 to 0.13) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.01(-0.10 to 0.11) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Rhinitis | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.14**(0.04 to 0.24) | 0.003 | 0.003 | -0.16***(-0.24 to- 0.08) | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.14*(-0.25 to -0.03) | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.12*(-0.22 to- 0.02) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Sore Throat | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.15**(0.05to 0.24) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.06(-0.02 to 0.14) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.14*(0.03 to 0.25) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.07(-0.03 to 0.17) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Recurrent fever with cough or breathing difficulties | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.65***(0.31 to 1.00) | 0.016 | 0.015 | 1.22***(0.93 to 1.50) | 0.020 | 0.019 | 1.84***(1.46 to 2.22) | 0.018 | 0.017 | 1.58***(1.23 to 1.93) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea | ||||||||||||
Yes | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.01(-0.10 to 0.13) | 0.002 | 0.001 | -0.13**(-0.23 to -0.04) | 0.002 | 0.002 | -0.19**(-0.31 to -0.06) | 0.001 | <0.001 | -0.10(-0.22 to 0.02) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Have you seen a doctor or visited a GP? | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.25***(0.11 to 0.39) | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.59***(0.48 to 0.71) | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.79***(0.63 to 0.94) | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.71***(0.57 to 0.85) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Hospitalisation | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.61***(0.38 to 0.84) | 0.034 | 0.034 | 1.23***(1.04 to 1.42) | 0.041 | 0.040 | 1.81***(1.55 to 2.06) | 0.038 | 0.038 | 1.59***(1.36 to1.82) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Have you been tested for COVID-19 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.45***(0.26 to 0.65) | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.87***(0.70 to 1.03) | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.19***(0.98 to 1.41) | 0.027 | 0.026 | 1.11***(0.91 to 1.30) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Have you been quarantined | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.41***(0.23 to 0.60) | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.65***(0.50 to 0.80) | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.83***(0.63 to 1.04) | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.82***(0.63 to 1.01) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Self-assessment of health status | ||||||||||||
Very bad or bad | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.48*(0.12 to 0.84) | 0.093 | 0.092 | 1.23***(0.94 to 1.51) | 0.113 | 0.113 | 1.41***(1.02 to 1.80) | 0.108 | 0.108 | 1.40***(1.05 to 1.75) |
Normal | 0.55***(0.45 to 0.65) | 0.82***(0.74 to 0.90) | 1.27***(1.16 to 1.37) | 1.11***(1.01to 1.21) | ||||||||
Good or very good | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
History of chronic disease | ||||||||||||
Yes | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.07(-0.03 to 0.18) | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.31***(0.22 to 0.39) | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.49***(0.37 to 0.60) | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.33***(0.22 to 0.43) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
Health insurance | ||||||||||||
Yes | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.34***(0.26 to 0.41) | <0.001 | <0.001 | -0.02(-0.08 to 0.05) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.08(-0.004 to 0.17) | <0.001 | <0.001 | -0.02(-0.10 to 0.05) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
* p<0.05;
** p<0.01,
*** p<0.001