Figure 3.

Bardoxolone methyl increases ALT and AST gene expression in several cell types. The indicated cell lines were treated with bardoxolone methyl for 16 to 18 hours. ALT1, ALT2, AST1, and AST2 expression levels were measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Values are expressed as fold‐change relative to vehicle (DMSO) treatment and are the average and standard deviation of at least two independent experiments, with the exception of AST2 expression data in HepG2 and HT‐29 cells, which are from single experiments. Statistical significance vs. vehicle control was determined using repeated measures one‐way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.