. 2019 Aug 12;51(5-6):294–305. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2019.1642507

Table 2.

Associations of demographic characteristics and comorbidities with total, medication, and hospital care costs from 5 years before AD diagnosis to 3 years after AD diagnosis in the multilevel mixed-effects model.

	Total costs		Medication costs		Hospital costs
	OR	95% CL	OR	95% CL	OR	95% CL
Age	1.03^a	(1.02–1.03)	0.99^a	(0.99–0.99)	1.03^a	(1.03–1.03)
Occupational social class
Managerial/professional	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a
Office	1.04	(1.01–1.07)	0.89	(0.87–0.91)	1.06	(1.03–1.09)
Sales/cleaning/industrial	1.14	(1.12–1.16)	0.93	(0.92–0.95)	1.16	(1.14–1.18)
Farming/forestry	1.07	(1.04–1.09)	0.89	(0.88–0.91)	1.09	(1.07–1.12)
Unknown	1.31	(1.28–1.34)	0.92	(0.89–0.94)	1.35	(1.32–1.38)
Did not reply	1.03	(0.96–1.12)	0.61	(0.60–0.69)	1.08	(1.00–1.16)
Sex
Women	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a
Men	1.07	(1.06–1.09)	1.31	(1.29–1.33)	1.03	(1.02–1.05)
Diabetes
None	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a
Before or during follow-up	1.51	(1.49–1.54)	3.23	(3.18–3.27)	1.41	(1.38–1.43)
Cardiovascular diseases
None	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a
Before or during follow-up	1.49	(1.47–1.51)	2.08	(2.05–2.11)	1.43	(1.41-–1.45)
Asthma or COPD
None	1.00 (reference)^a,b		1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a
Before or during follow-up	1.51	(1.48–1.54)	3.56	(3.50–3.62)	1.37	(1.34–1.40)
Mental and behavioural disorders
None	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a,b
Before follow-up	1.38a	(1.35–1.41)	1.81a	(1.77–1.84)	1.3	(1.28–1.34)
During follow-up	14.76a	(14.21–15.32)	2.19a	(2.09–2.30)	14.91	(14.35–15.48)
Any fracture
None	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a,b
Before follow-up	1.22	(1.19–1.24)	1.23	(1.20–1.26)	1.21	(1.18–1.23)
During follow-up	12.6	(12.26–12.94)	1.11	(1.06–1.16)	13.07	(12.72–13.43)
Ischaemic heart disease
None	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a,b		1.00 (reference)^a
Before follow-up	1.19	(1.17–1.21)	1.95	(1.91–1.98)	1.13	(1.11–1.15)
During follow-up	10.57	(10.34–10.81)	2.33	(2.27–2.40)	10.53	(10.29–10.77)
Stroke
None	1.00 (reference)^a,b		1.00 (reference)^a,b		1.00 (reference)^a
Before follow-up	1.41	(1.38–1.45)	1.64	(1.60–1.68)	1.37a	(1.34–1.41)
During follow-up	12.74	(12.23–13.28)	1.27	(1.20–1.36)	13.38	(12.83–13.95)
Hip fracture
None	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a,b
Before follow-up	1.61	(1.54–1.68)	1.21	(1.16–1.27)	1.64	(1.57–1.71)
During follow-up	37.62	(35.46–39.91)	0.72	(0.66–0.79)	39.42	(37.13–41.85)
Active cancer
None	1.00 (reference)^a		1.00(reference)^a		1.00 (reference)^a
Before follow-up	1.89	(1.78–2.01)	2.31	(2.18–2.44)	1.68a	(1.58–1.79)
During follow-up	1.99	(1.89–2.10)	2.26	(2.14–2.39)	1.83a	(1.73–1.93)

^ap < .001.

^bResults after 25th iteration, similar results obtained with random-effect logit model.