Table 3.

Associations between medications and total, medication, and hospital care costs from 5 years before AD diagnosis to 3 years after AD diagnosis in the multilevel mixed-effects model.

	Total cost		Medication cost		Hospital cost
	OR	95% CL	OR	95% CL	OR	95% CL
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors
None	1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a
Before follow-up	3.73	(1.78–7.80)	7.02	(3.57–13.82)	2.76*	(1.25–6.10)
During follow-up	29.83	(19.82–44.88)	156.69	(73.14–335.70)	2.62	(1.74–3.97)
Pregabalin
None	1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a,b		1.00 (reference)a,b
Before follow-up	1.67	(1.48–1.89)	1.97	(1.75–2.21)	1.60	(1.42–1.81)
During follow-up	2.32	(2.23–2.42)	5.12	(4.95–5.30)	2.07	(1.98–2.16)
Bisphosphonates
None	1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a,b		1.00 (reference)a
Before follow-up	1.40	(1.35–1.44)	1.25	(1.21–1.29)	1.38	(1.34–1.42)
During follow-up	1.74	(1.71–1.78)	2.93	(2.88–2.99)	1.61	(1.58–1.65)
Psychotropic drugs
None	1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a,b
Before follow-up	1.42	(1.39–1.45)	1.46	(1.43–1.49)	1.39	(1.36–1.42)
During follow-up	2.06	(2.03–2.09)	2.78	(2.74–2.82)	1.93	(1.90–1.96)
Erythropoietin
None	1.00 (reference)a,b		1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a
Before follow-up	5.22	(3.96–6.87)	7.76	(5.95–10.13)	2.95	(2.17–4.02)
During follow-up	7.17	(6.33–8.18)	36.07	(30.92–42.08)	2.84	(2.46–3.28)
Antidementia
None	1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a		1.00 (reference)a
medication	0.76	(0.75–0.77)	1.28	(1.26–1.29)	0.74	(0.73–0.76)

^ap < .001.

^bResults after 25th iteration, similar results obtained with random-effect logit model.