Table 1.
– Baseline characteristics and clinical presentation of all patients according to the administration of LPV/r.
| Unmatched data (n = 8,553) |
Matched data (n = 5,068) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No LPV/r (n = 3,157) | LPV/r (n = 5,396) | p | No LPV/r (n = 2,534) | LPV/r (n = 2,534) | p | |
| Baseline features | ||||||
| Age (years)† | 74.9 [60.4;85.2] | 66.2 [54.3;75.8] | <0.001 | 70.8 [57.2;81.5] | 69.5 [56.6;78.7] | <0.001 |
| Sex (female) | 1511 (47.9%) | 2155 (39.9%) | <0.001 | 1124 (44.4%) | 1083 (42.7%) | 0.257 |
| Pregnancy | 22 (0.70%) | 15 (0.28%) | 0.008 | 18 (0.71%) | 13 (0.51%) | 0.471 |
| Race (Caucasian) | 2850 (91.2%) | 4647 (87.9%) | <0.001 | 2268 (89.5%) | 2279 (89.9%) | 0.644 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.00 [0.00;2.00] | 0.00 [0.00;1.00] | <0.001 | 1.00 [0.00;2.00] | 1 [0.00;2.00] | 0.626 |
| High blood pressure | 1817 (57.7%) | 2480 (46.1%) | <0.001 | 1357 (53.6%) | 1288 (50.8%) | 0.056 |
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 257 (8.14%) | 291 (5.39%) | <0.001 | 205 (8.09%) | 186 (7.34%) | 0.040 |
| Dementia | 628 (20.0%) | 199 (3.70%) | <0.001 | 171 (6.75%) | 179 (7.06%) | 0.009 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||||
| Duration of symptoms (days) † | 6.00 [3.00;9.00] | 7.00 [4.00;9.00] | <0.001 | 6.00 [3.00;9.00] | 7.00 [4.00;9.00] | 0.337 |
| Cough | 2170 (69.2%) | 4281 (79.6%) | <0.001 | 1892 (74.7%) | 1918 (75.7%) | 0.678 |
| Dyspnea | 1787 (56.9%) | 3108 (57.9%) | 0.370 | 1439 (56.8%) | 1440 (56.8%) | 1.000 |
| Altered mental status | 574 (18.4%) | 351 (6.58%) | <0.001 | 262 (10.3%) | 249 (9.83%) | 0.576 |
| Temperature | 36.9 [36.3;37.6] | 37.1 [36.4;37.9] | <0.001 | 36.9 [36.3;37.7] | 37.0 [36.4;37.8] | 0.013 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) † | 86.0 [75.0;98.0] | 88.0 [77.0;100] | <0.001 | 86.5 [76.0;99.0] | 87.0 [76.0;99.0] | 0.816 |
| Respiratory rate > 20 breaths/min | 958 (31.2%) | 1558 (29.7%) | 0.155 | 728 (28.7%) | 735 (29.0%) | 0.852 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| SaO2/FiO2† | 387 [304;452] | 372 [297;452] | <0.001 | 392 [307;457] | 381 [304;452] | 0.008 |
| Lymphocytes (cells/µL) † | 990 [700;1330] | 910 [700;1260] | 0.080 | 1000 [700;1320] | 940 [700;1300] | 0.042 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) † | 55.0 [17.0;120] | 59.9 [19.8;125] | 0.002 | 55.7 [17.1;120] | 55.9 [18.0;119] | 0.391 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) † | 0.93 [0.75;1.23] | 0.89 [0.73;1.10] | <0.001 | 0.90 [0.74;1.17] | 0.90 [0.74;1.14] | 0.718 |
| Other treatments | ||||||
| Interferon-β | 52 (1.65%) | 1073 (20.1%) | <0.001 | 52 (2.05%) | 78 (3.08%) | 0.049 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 2299 (72.8%) | 4893 (90.7%) | <0.001 | 2084 (82.2%) | 2133 (84.2%) | 0.071 |
| Remdesivir | 17 (0.54%) | 26 (0.48%) | 0.842 | 12 (0.47%) | 12 (0.47%) | 1.000 |
| Mortality | 688 (22.8%) | 821 (15.7%) | <0.001 | 431 (17.0%) | 406 (16.0%) | 0.364 |
†
Continuous variables expressed as median and [interquartile range]. LPV/r: lopinavir/ritonavir.