Table 2.
Laboratory findings, image findings, complications, treatment, and outcomes in 361 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
| Variable | All patients | Pure GGO | Consolidation | Nodules | Fibrous stripes | Mixed | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory findings | |||||||
| White blood cell count (×109/L) | 5.1 (1.3–23.9) | 4.6(1.3–17.4) | 8.4(3.2–22.5) | 4.8(3.1–12.6) | 6.1(3.5–9.9) | 4.9(2.6–23.9) | |
| <4, No. (%) | 146 (40.4) | 64 (62.1) | 4 (8.5) | 29 (34.9) | 8 (42.1) | 41 (37.6) | .000 |
| 4–10, No. (%) | 172 (47.6) | 34 (33.0) | 29 (61.7) | 53 (63.9) | 11 (57.9) | 45 (41.3) | .000 |
| >10, No. (%) | 43 (11.9) | 5 (4.9) | 14 (29.8) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 23 (21.1) | .000 |
| Neutrophil count (×109 / L) | 4.1 (0.7–18.7) | 3.3 (0.7–14.1) | 4.8 (1.9–18.7) | 3.7 (1.1–12.8) | 3.9 (0.8–11.9) | 4.5 (0.9–17.7) | |
| Lymphocyte count (×109 / L) | 0.9 (0.3–3.1) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 1.1 (0.7–2.8) | 1.2 (0.4–2.3) | 0.9 (0.5–3.1) | 0.8 (0.4–2.7) | |
| <10, No. (%) | 124 (34.3) | 49 (47.6) | 7 (14.9) | 23 (27.7) | 4 (21.1) | 41 (37.6) | .001 |
| Platelet count (×109 / L) | 174.8 (21.0–463.0) | 168.7 (21.0–426) | 187.3 (79.0–463.0) | 177.5 (29.0–358.0) | 171.3 (31.0–327.0) | 176.4 (46.0–439.0) | |
| <100, No. (%) | 27 (7.5) | 9 (8.7) | 6 (12.8) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 11 (10.1) | .050 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 131.4 (68.0–173) | 127.6 (76.0–165.0) | 124.1 (68.0–152.0) | 133.5 (83.0–154.0) | 132.7 (79.0–161.0) | 129.4 (69.0–173.0) | |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 31.8 (8.3–134.9) | 34.5 (13.3–126.7) | 33.7 (15.4–118.7) | 23.1 (8.3–84.1) | 25.2 (11.5–66.1) | 35.2 (26.3–134.9) | |
| >40, No. (%) | 31 (8.6) | 9 (8.7) | 3 (6.4) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (5.3) | 17 (15.6) | .011 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 29.8 (11.1–121.3) | 31.4 (11.1–116.8) | 30.5 (14.2–121.3) | 22.7 (13.8–93.4) | 26.1 (18.2–70.6) | 32.8 (21.2–118.6) | |
| >40, No. (%) | 42 (11.6) | 11 (10.7) | 5 (10.6) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (5.3) | 23 (21.1) | .002 |
| Total bilirubin (mmol / L) | 12.3 (4.7–51.1) | 14.1 (5.2–43.6) | 17.4 (4.9–48.5) | 11.3 (4.7–32.6) | 11.4 (4.8–30.5) | 12.2 (6.9–51.1) | |
| >17.1, No. (%) | 39 (10.8) | 12 (11.7) | 4 (8.5) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (5.3) | 21 (19.3) | .002 |
| Creatinine (μmol / L) | 87.4 (21.3–374.8) | 104.6 (28.5–346.8) | 113.1 (34.7–362.5) | 51.3 (21.3–171.9) | 62.4 (31.8–247.3) | 98.1 (26.2–374.8) | |
| >133, No. (%) | 14 (3.9) | 5 (4.9) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 7 (6.4) | .298 |
| Creatine kinase (U / L) | 137.6 | 134.9 | 162.5 | 93.4 | 116.7 | 148.5 | |
| (10.1–974.6) | (23.1–651.8) | (47.1–836.2) | (10.1–295.7) | (38.2–371.9) | (50.4–974.6) | ||
| >185, No. (%) | 51 (14.1) | 13 (12.6) | 4 (8.5) | 6 (7.2) | 2 (10.5) | 26 (23.9) | .010 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 231.5 | 246.3 | 253.6 | 179.3 | 184.4 | 252.4 | |
| (101.4–573.8) | (108.3–514.2) | (130.5–569.1) | (101.4–397.2) | (124.7–425.6) | (143.6–573.8) | ||
| >250, No. (%) | 83 (23.0) | 24 (23.3) | 7 (14.9) | 16 (19.3) | 5 (36.3) | 31 (28.4) | .362 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 0.6(0.01–9.18) | 0.5(0.02–7.78) | 0.6(0.04–8.05) | 0.3(0.01–5.41) | 0.4(0.03–4.37) | 0.7(0.02–9.18) | |
| ≥0.5, No. (%) | 74 (20.5) | 19 (18.4) | 8 (17.0) | 19 (22.9) | 4 (21.1) | 24 (22.0) | .900 |
| C-reactive protein level (mg/L) | (1.71–119.8) | (1.87–101.9) | (8.65–108.4) | (1.71–69.2) | (4.25–76.3) | (7.81–119.8) | |
| >10, No. (%) | 253 (70.1) | 64 (62.1) | 31 (66.0) | 59 (71.1) | 8 (42.1) | 91 (83.5) | .001 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm / h) | 57.6(5.0–147.0) | 58.3(11.0–134.0) | 61.6(13.0–144.0) | 49.4(5.0–117.0) | 53.2(7.0–121.0) | 59.8(9.0–147.0) | |
| >20, No. (%) | 274 (75.9) | 69 (67.0) | 35 (74.5) | 62 (74.7) | 11 (57.9) | 97 (89.0) | .001 |
| Procalcitonin (ng / mL) | 0.14(0.00–4.70) | 0.09(0.00–3.21) | 0.16(0.00–4.70) | 0.06(0.00–0.49) | 0.05(0.00–0.47) | 0.15(0.00–4.51) | |
| ≥0.5, No. (%) | 21 (5.8) | 3 (2.9) | 7 (14.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 11 (10.1) | .001 |
| Oxygen index | |||||||
| >300 | 191 (52.9) | 45 (43.7) | 16 (34.0) | 81 (97.6) | 15 (78.9) | 34 (31.2) | .000 |
| 200–300 | 74 (20.5) | 25 (24.3) | 13 (27.7) | 2 (2.4) | 3 (15.8) | 31 (28.4) | .000 |
| 100–200 | 49 (13.6) | 19 (18.4) | 11 (23.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 18 (16.5) | .000 |
| <100 | 47 (13.0) | 14 (13.6) | 7 (14.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 26 (23.9) | .000 |
| Imaging findings, No. (%) | |||||||
| Distribution | |||||||
| Unilateral | 88 (24.4) | 22 (21.4) | 15 (31.9) | 13 (15.7) | 17 (89.5) | 21 (19.3) | .000 |
| Bilateral | 273 (75.6) | 81 (78.6) | 32 (68.1) | 70 (84.3) | 2 (10.5) | 88 (80.7) | .000 |
| Central | 3 (0.8) | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | .533 |
| Peripheral | 303 (83.9) | 87 (84.5) | 31 (66.0) | 77 (92.8) | 18 (94.7) | 90 (82.6) | .001 |
| Both central and peripheral | 55 (15.2) | 14 (13.6) | 16 (34.0) | 5 (6.0) | 1 (5.3) | 19 (17.4) | .000 |
| Left upper lobe | 108 (29.9) | 37 (35.9) | 8 (17.0) | 31 (37.3) | 4 (21.1) | 28 (25.7) | .053 |
| Left lower lobe | 189 (52.4) | 53 (51.5) | 29 (61.7) | 43 (51.8) | 7 (36.8) | 57 (52.3) | .474 |
| Right upper lobe | 129 (35.7) | 38 (36.9) | 11 (23.4) | 34 (41.0) | 5 (26.3) | 41 (37.6) | .281 |
| Right middle lobe | 52 (14.4) | 14 (13.6) | 6 (12.8) | 12 (14.5) | 2 (10.5) | 18 (16.5) | .941 |
| Right lower lobe | 231 (64.0) | 64 (62.1) | 35 (74.5) | 51 (61.4) | 8 (42.1) | 73 (67.0) | .136 |
| Extent of lesion involvement | |||||||
| Focal | 49 (13.6) | 13 (12.6) | 8 (17.0) | 9 (10.8) | 15 (78.9) | 4 (3.7) | .000 |
| Multifocal | 249 (69.0) | 69 (67.0) | 30 (63.8) | 74 (89.2) | 4 (21.1) | 72 (66.1) | .000 |
| Diffuse | 63 (17.5) | 21 (20.4) | 9 (19.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 33 (17.5) | .000 |
| Complications, No. (%) | |||||||
| ARDS | 49 (13.6) | 14 (13.6) | 8 (17.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 27 (24.8) | .000 |
| Septic shock | 7 (1.9) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.8) | .445 |
| AKI | 6 (1.7) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.8) | .444 |
| DIC | 4 (1.1) | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.8) | .584 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 51 (14.1) | 13 (12.6) | 4 (8.5) | 6 (7.2) | 2 (10.5) | 26 (23.9) | .010 |
| Treatments, No. (%) | |||||||
| Antiviral therapy | 361 (100) | 103 (100) | 47 (100) | 83 (100) | 19 (100) | 109 (100) | |
| Antimicrobial therapy | 119 (33.0) | 34 (33.0) | 17 (36.2) | 7 (8.4) | 3 (15.8) | 58 (53.2) | .000 |
| Use of corticosteroid | 29 (8.0) | 11 (10.7) | 3 (6.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15 (13.8) | .005 |
| CRRT | 38 (10.5) | 13 (12.6) | 4 (8.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 21 (19.3) | .000 |
| Oxygen therapy | |||||||
| Nasal cannula | 137 (38.0) | 31 (30.1) | 15 (31.9) | 34 (41.0) | 11 (57.9) | 46 (42.2) | .100 |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 65 (18.0) | 25 (24.3) | 13 (27.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 27 (24.8) | .000 |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 26 (7.2) | 9 (8.7) | 4 (8.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (11.9) | .017 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 21 (5.8) | 7 (6.8) | 3 (6.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 11 (10.1) | .038 |
| Severe, No. (%) | 46 (12.7) | 11 (10.7) | 8 (17.0) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (10.5) | 23 (21.1) | .003 |
| Prognosis, No. (%) | |||||||
| Discharge | 332 (92.0) | 94 (91.3) | 44 (93.6) | 83 (100.0) | 19 (100.0) | 92 (84.4) | 0.001 |
| Death | 29 (8.0) | 9 (8.7) | 3 (6.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 17 (15.6) | 0.001 |
GGO: ground-glass opacities; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; AKI: acute kidney injury; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy.