Table 1.
The association of time-averaged blood pressure with cardiovascular events.
| Exposure variable | Baseline age, yr | Estimate (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | N | Outcome | Systolic BP | Diastolic BP | ||
| Sasai et al. [30] | 46,484 | BP 5 years prior baseline | CVDa death |
62 | 1.11 (1.05–1.16) | 1.11 (1.06–1.15) |
| Baseline BP | 1.13 (1.07–1.18) | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) | ||||
| Time-averaged BP | 1.17 (1.10–1.24) | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) | ||||
| Vasan et al. [31] | 2,313 | Recent antecedent BP |
CVD eventb | 60 | W: 1.73 (1.13–2.64); M: 1.20 (0.81–1.79) | W: 2.03 (1.36–3.02); M: 1.19 (0.82–1.73) |
| 70 | W: 1.40 (1.09–1.81); M: 1.30 (0.98–1.74) | W: 1.33 (1.03–1.72); M: 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | ||||
| 80 | W: 2.16 (1.55–3.01); M: 2.04 (1.14–3.65) | W: 1.37 (0.97–1.92); M: 1.06 (0.61–1.84) | ||||
| Remote antecedent BP | 60 | W: 1.31 (0.97–1.77); M: 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | W: 1.48 (1.10–1.99); M: 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | |||
| 70 | W: 1.18 (0.98–1.45); M: 1.24 (1.00–1.55) | W: 1.21 (0.99–1.47); M: 1.23 (0.99–1.51) | ||||
| 80 | W: 1.48 (1.19–1.84); M: 1.84 (1.30–2.59) | W: 1.27 (1.01–1.61); M: 1.75 (1.18–2.59) | ||||
| Seshadri et al. [32] | 5,197 | Recent antecedent BP | Ischaemic strokec | 60 | W: 1.68 (1.25–2.25); M: 1.92 (1.39–2.66) | W: 1.78 (1.33–2.38); M: 1.73 (1.26–2.38) |
| 70 | W: 1.66 (1.28–2.14); M: 1.30 (0.97–1.75) | W: 1.44 (1.11–1.88); M: 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | ||||
| 80 | W: 1.19 (0.84–1.70); M: 1.25 (0.76–2.04) | W: 1.21 (0.86–1.70); M: 1.32 (0.79–2.21) | ||||
| Remote antecedent BP | 60 | W: 1.48 (1.07–2.07); M: 1.54 (0.96–2.45) | W: 1.57 (1.13–2.17); M: 1.30 (0.88–1.91) | |||
| 70 | W: 1.41 (1.17–1.69); M: 1.45 (1.14–1.86) | W: 1.47 (1.23–1.75); M: 1.42 (1.13–1.80) | ||||
| 80 | W: 1.05 (0.79–1.42); M: 1.25 (0.81–1.93) | W: 1.14 (0.86–1.51); M: 1.20 (0.80–1.79) | ||||
| Lee et al. [33] | 3,362 | Recent antecedent BP | Heart failured | 62 | 1.31 (1.11–1.55) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) |
| Remote antecedent BP | 1.17 (1.04–1.31) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | ||||
| Bonifonte et al. [34] | 3,344 | Antecedent SBP | CVD evente | 48 | 1.18 (1.09 − 1.27) | – |
| Ayala Solares et al. [35] | 80,964 | Time-averaged SBP | CVD eventf | 50 | 1.40 (1.27–1.52) | – |
Abbreviations: BP: blood pressure; CVD: cardiovascular disease; M: men; SBP: systolic blood pressure; W: women; yr: years.
aHazard ratio per 10 mmHg increase, adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, total and HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, and fasting status.
bHazard ratio per 1-SD increment, adjusted for current BP, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, cholesterol, and antihypertensive treatment. CVD event defined as CVD death, coronary heart disease, stroke or transient ischaemic attack, peripheral vascular disease (intermittent claudication), or congestive heart failure.
cRelative risk per 1-SD increment, adjusted for current BP levels, diabetes, and smoking.
dHazard ratio per 1-SD increment. Age-stratified multivariable models adjusted for sex, current BP, serum cholesterol, hypertension treatment, diabetes, smoking, valve disease, and previous myocardial infarction and for incidence of an interim myocardial infarction on follow-up. Models evaluating systolic BP variables were adjusted for baseline diastolic BP, and models examining diastolic BP variables were adjusted for baseline systolic BP.
eHazard ratio per 10 mmHg increase. The model included age, sex, current BP, smoking, diabetes, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and antihypertensive medication as covariates. CVD event defined as CVD death, myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency, cerebrovascular disease, intermittent claudication, or congestive heart failure.
fHazard ratio per 20 mmHg increase, adjusted for calendar year of study entry, sex, smoking, deprivation index, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and current systolic BP.