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. 2021 Feb 4;2021:8658314. doi: 10.1155/2021/8658314

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(a) Cytotoxic effects of GIE on RAW264.7 cells. Cells were treated with different concentrations of GIE (100-500 μg/mL) for 24 h. MTT assay was used to determine cell viability. Values are expressed as a percentage of the control. (b) GIE attenuated the intracellular ROS production in LPS plus IFN-γ-induced RAW264.7 cells. The intracellular ROS levels are expressed as a percentage of the control. (c) The effects of GIE on antioxidant mRNA expression in LPS plus IFN-γ-induced RAW264.7 cells. (d) GIE suppressed NO production in LPS plus IFN-γ-induced RAW264.7 cells. Nitrite concentration was determined from a sodium nitrite standard curve, and the results are expressed as a concentration (μM) of nitrite in a culture medium. (e) The effects of GIE on COX-2 and iNOS mRNA expression in LPS plus IFN-γ-induced RAW264.7 cells. The data represent the mean ± S.D. of two independent experiments. Cells were pretreated with GIE, NAC, or DEX for 3 h and then coincubated with LPS plus IFN-γ for 24 h. UN: uninduced cells; IN: untreated LPS plus IFN-γ-induced cells; NAC: cells were pretreated with NAC at 3 mM; DEX: cells were pretreated with DEX at 1 μM; GIE (50, 100, 200, and 300): cells were pretreated with GIE at concentrations range of 50, 100, 200, and 300 μg/mL, respectively. One-way ANOVA performed the comparison, and Tukey was used as a post hoc test. The degree of significance was denoted with different letters for the comparison between sample groups. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.