Table 1.
Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics, Complications, Prognostic Scores and Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. COVID-19: Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019
| All patients n 10,238 |
Non-survivors n 2135 |
Survivors n 8103 |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 5924 (57.9) | 1336 (62.6) | 4588 (56.6) | <0.001 |
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 66.6 ± 16.2 | 79.5 ± 10.6 | 63.2 ± 15.6 | <0.001 |
| ≥ 70 years, n (%) | 4765 (46.5) | 1810 (38) | 2955 (62) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Moderate or severe dependency | 1504 (14.7) | 787 (36.9) | 717 (8.8) | <0.001 |
| Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index ≥3 | 5830 (56.9) | 1934 (90.6) | 3896 (48.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 5040 (49.2) | 1496 (70.1) | 3544 (43.7) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 703 (6.9) | 333 (15.6) | 370 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| COPD† | 1250 (12.2) | 502 (23.5) | 748 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 250 (2.4) | 116 (5.4) | 134 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history | 2424 (23.7) | 646 (30.3) | 1778 (21.9) | <0.001 |
| Active smoking | 492 (4.8) | 98 (4.6) | 394 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1926 (18.8) | 618 (28.9) | 1308 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| Moderate-severe CKD‡ | 577 (5.6) | 261 (12.2) | 316 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Malignant tumor | 595 (5.8) | 199 (9.3) | 396 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Complications, n (%) | ||||
| Shock | 482 (4.7) | 370 (17.3) | 112 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 1423 (13.9) | 781 (36.6) | 642 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Acute pulmonary embolism | 158 (1.5) | 28 (1.3) | 130 (1.6) | 0.790 |
| Multi-organic failure | 667 (6.5) | 375 (17.6) | 532 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| ARDS§ | 3550 (34.7) | 1730 (81) | 1820 (22.5) | <0.001 |
| Prognostic scores, n (%) | ||||
| qSOFA‖ | 9887 | 2049 (20.7) | 7838 (79.3) | ·· |
| 0 | 5788 (58.6) | 552 (26.9) | 5236 (66.8) | <0.001 |
| 1 | 3219 (32.6) | 952 (46.5) | 2267 (28.9) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 779 (7.8) | 464 (22.7) | 315 (4) | <0.001 |
| 3 | 101 (1) | 81 (3.9) | 20 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| CURB-65¶ | 9887 | 2049 (20.7) | 7838 (79.3) | ·· |
| 0-1 | 5899 (59.7) | 366 (17.9) | 5533 (70.6) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 2232 (22.6) | 657 (32.1) | 1575 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| 3 | 1282 (12.9) | 679 (33.1) | 603 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| 4 | 438 (4.4) | 317 (15.5) | 121 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| 5 | 36 (0.4) | 30 (1.4) | 6 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| PSI# | 9261 | 1906 (20.6) | 7355 (79.4) | ·· |
| I–II | 3376 (36.5) | 55 (2.9) | 3321 (45.2) | <0.001 |
| III | 2168 (23.4) | 247 (12.9) | 1921 (26.1) | <0.001 |
| IV | 2566 (27.7) | 860 (45.1) | 1706 (23.2) | <0.001 |
| V | 1151 (12.4) | 744 (39.1) | 407 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| MuLBSTA** | 9505 | 1956 (20.6) | 7549 (79.4) | ·· |
| MuLBSTA ≥12 | 1298 (13.7) | 588 (30.1) | 710 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes, n (%) | ||||
| NIV†† | 528 (5.2) | 269 (12.6) | 259 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 722 (7.1) | 340 (15.9) | 382 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Admission to ICU‡‡ | 907 (8.9) | 375 (17.6) | 532 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Mortality | 2135 (20.9) | – | – | – |
| Length of hospital stay, mean ± SD, days | 11.2 ± 9.2 | 9.7 ± 10.3 | 11.6 ± 8.8 | <0.001 |
†COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ‡CKD: chronic kidney disease; §ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ‖qSOFA: quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; ¶CURB-65: Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age ≥65 years; #PSI: Pneumonia Severity Index; **MuLBSTA: Multilobar infiltration, hypo-Lymphocytosis, Bacterial coinfection, Smoking history, hyper-Tension and Age; ††NIV: non-invasive ventilation; ‡‡ICU: intensive care unit