Table 2.
Median (interquartile range) of all the outcome parameters obtained during the chewing of soft and hard viscoelastic test food models performed by the participating children and adults
| Variable | Food | Segment | Primary | Early-mixed | Late-mixed | Early-permanent | Late-permanent | Adults |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chewing cycle (n) | Soft | ــ |
22.67 (17.75–26) |
20 (17.75–24) |
20.67 (19.67–28.92) |
17.33 (12.67–19.58) |
19.33 (17.5–26.67) |
19.83 (16.67–24.75) |
| Hard | ــ |
26.5 (20.42–36.33) |
18.33 (15.25–22.08) |
22 (18.25–34.42) |
20.5 (11.17–25) |
23.17 (17.5–24.83) |
24.83 (22.42–31.75) |
|
| Chewing duration (s) | Soft | ــ |
15.63 (12.37–18.40) |
13.22 (11.49–15.65) |
13.77 (10.56–17.38) |
10.58 (8.93–13.02) |
15.74 (14.61–17.83) |
13.32 (11.32–19.86) |
| Hard | ــ |
17.24 (11.20–23.59) |
12.24 (9.89–15.83) |
11.70 (10.97–17.28) |
11.60 (7.30–17.59) |
14.55 (12.45–18.85) |
18.18 (13.51–23.61) |
|
| Chewing rate (Hz) | Soft | ــ |
1.43 (1.24–1.58) |
1.44 (1.31–1.68) |
1.67 (1.56–1.88) |
1.55 (1.35–1.72) |
1.31 (1.21–1.55) |
1.51 (1.28–1.59) |
| Hard | ــ |
1.60 (1.57–1.64) |
1.52 (1.34–1.61) |
1.74 (1.69–1.87) |
1.62 (1.48–1.73) |
1.40 (1.26–1.67) |
1.51 (1.28–1.63) |
|
| Vertical amplitude (mm) | Soft | Begin |
11.93 (9.38–12.87) |
12.35 (11.38–16.98) |
11.24 (10.69–12.53) |
13.37 (10.95–15.12) |
11.47 (9.32–13.01) |
13.48 (10.39–17.85) |
| Middle |
10.84 (8.99–11.95) |
11.30 (9.83–15.75) |
10.52 (8.87–12.62) |
11.96 (11.19–12.93) |
11.19 (9.69–13.19) |
11.91 (9.36–15.94) |
||
| End |
9.22 (7.07–11.67) |
10.25 (9.17–14.79) |
9.32 (8.46–10.16) |
10.78 (9.59–11.96) |
10.88 (8.138–11.60) |
11.73 (8.31–13.59) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
12.08 (10.64–14.52) |
12.77 (11.97–16.75) |
11.31 (10.50–13.07) |
12.83 (11.09–15.78) |
12.37 (11.21–14.56) |
14.11 (10.92–18.29) |
|
| Middle |
10.47 (7.89–12.97) |
11.46 (10.41–14.87) |
10.95 (9.10–12.53) |
12.747 (10.09–14.40) |
11.52 (10.15–12.54) |
13.63 (9.67–16.49) |
||
| End |
9.97 (7.29–10.78) |
11.29 (9.98–13.89) |
9.66 (7.87–11.32) |
10.77 (9.86–12.69) |
10.07 (7.99–12.03) |
11.53 (8.16–14.08) |
||
| Lateral amplitude (mm) | Soft | Begin |
4.89 (4.01–5.59) |
7.19 (5.58–7.92) |
6.47 (4.98–8.39) |
6.64 (6.11–7.96) |
6.60 (6.25–9.25) |
8.45 (7.15–9.04) |
| Middle |
4.98 (4.72–5.12) |
7.17 (6.31–7.44) |
6.76 (5.37–7.02) |
6.70 (5.76–7.04) |
7.04 (5.60–9.31) |
8.45 (6.99–9.23) |
||
| End |
4.56 (3.61–5.12) |
6.63 (5.73–7.10) |
5.29 (4.93–7.07) |
6.08 (5.39–6.75) |
5.35 (4.65–7.78) |
7.49 (6.27–8.18) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
4.47 (3.73–5.58) |
7.53 (5.88–7.94) |
6.31 (5.36–7.22) |
7.26 (6.89–8.79) |
7.36 (6.27–9.89) |
8.36 (7.37–10.35) |
|
| Middle |
4.82 (3.76–5.47) |
7.51 (6–7.83) |
6.21 (5.76–7.37) |
7.23 (6.39–8.16) |
6.88 (5.76–9.49) |
8.80 (6.70–9.71) |
||
| End |
3.77 (3.25–4.72) |
7.19 (6.64–7.63) |
4.98 (4.65–6.69) |
6.67 (5.20–7.22) |
5.64 (4.94–7.06) |
7.18 (5.51–8.76) |
||
| Jaw opening velocity (mm/s) | Soft | Begin |
65.40 (49.31–83.91) |
68.30 (65.53–70.58) |
56.83 (54.60–75.60) |
70.36 (61.72–77.48) |
60.19 (56.93–70.23) |
62.71 (48.66–110.47) |
| Middle |
64.30 (48.62–79.84) |
61.8 (59.91–72.26) |
58.42 (47.90–73.61) |
65.22 (51.41–72.51) |
57.76 (45.19–75.37) |
54.52 (43.01–94.20) |
||
| End |
52.63 (33.28–60.37) |
57.79 (49.78–73.15) |
47.96 (43.56–58.65) |
53.01 (46.04–63.38) |
49.90 (34.38–54.48) |
51.90 (42.04–62.23) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
84.38 (59.42–100.84) |
69.14 (64.53–76.56) |
64.75 (58.87–82.98) |
69.69 (59.40–71.56) |
71.42 (64.13–85.26) |
72.53 (50.23–114.79) |
|
| Middle |
68.93 (51.89–74.43) |
66.51 (60.37–73.19) |
62.29 (52.05–75.45) |
64.19 (59.63–72.67) |
62.95 (55.43–74.85) |
66.35 (51.57–111.62) |
||
| End |
66.28 (40.55–71.5) |
61.95 (53.08–70.27) |
55.22 (43.45–65.06) |
60.05 (52.92–65.69) |
45.30 (35.05–65.57) |
50.89 (46.25–62.79) |
||
| Jaw-closing velocity (mm/s) | Soft | Begin |
53.05 (41.73–68.86) |
69.30 (56.28–88.67) |
62.74 (51.56–71.39) |
77.67 (48.51–81.18) |
56.97 (51.14–61.78) |
69.84 (44.55–110.33) |
| Middle |
52.54 (44.34–75.39) |
58.36 (52.08–73.36) |
61.58 (47.60–67.35) |
58.53 (52.18–71.72) |
59.64 (55.90–63.03) |
64.69 (46.50–98.87) |
||
| End |
46.66 (28.31–65.70) |
48.27 (44.66–69.36) |
48.13 (40.42–54.12) |
47.66 (37.42–60.39) |
49.57 (42.89–52.11) |
63.93 (40.14–79.19) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
60.72 (53.18–83.96) |
74.97 (58.86–93.97) |
66.60 (57.64–76.84) |
65.41 (54.52–79.85) |
72.98 (66.14–79.50) |
73.97 (47.26–112.68) |
|
| Middle |
62.53 (47.36–68.21) |
64.70 (53.90–77.08) |
62.61 (54.602–78.22) |
62.35 (53.24–72.56) |
64.29 (55.51–70.95) |
77.69 (51.25–111.83) |
||
| End |
49.42 (33.97–56.26) |
55.83 (49.11–69.76) |
52.07 (41.29–57.50) |
54.17 (47.27–58.01) |
46.52 (41.75–51.50) |
60.65 (37.46–72.37) |
||
| Occlusal duration (s) | Soft | Begin |
0.25 (0.21–0.31) |
0.26 (0.24–0.29) |
0.22 (0.20–0.27) |
0.23 (0.20–0.27) |
0.32 (0.26–0.37) |
0.26 (0.23–0.28) |
| Middle |
0.28 (0.22–0.34) |
0.27 (0.22–0.30) |
0.22 (0.20–0.28) |
0.26 (0.20–0.32) |
0.30 (0.27–0.34) |
0.29 (0.23–0.32) |
||
| End |
0.33 (0.26–0.44) |
0.26 (0.23–0.30) |
0.23 (0.23–0.28) |
0.23 (0.21–0.30) |
0.30 (0.25–0.34) |
0.30 (0.25–0.33) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
0.23 (0.20–0.25) |
0.24 (0.22–0.27) |
0.22 (0.20–0.25) |
0.24 (0.18–0.28) |
0.28 (0.27–0.34) |
0.28 (0.21–0.31) |
|
| Middle |
0.27 (0.229–0.30) |
0.26 (0.24–0.30) |
0.23 (0.20–0.25) |
0.24 (0.22–0.31) |
0.28 (0.26–0.30) |
0.28 (0.24–0.34) |
||
| End |
0.29 (0.28–0.53) |
0.28 (0.27–0.31) |
0.24 (0.24–0.27) |
0.26 (0.21–0.30) |
0.29 (0.26–0.35) |
0.27 (0.23–0.36) |
||
| Opening duration (s) | Soft | Begin |
0.20 (0.16–0.26) |
0.23 (0.18–0.27) |
0.21 (0.17–0.22) |
0.23 (0.20–0.29) |
0.21 (0.19–0.27) |
0.26 (0.21–0.28) |
| Middle |
0.24 (0.19–0.29) |
0.24 (0.22–0.26) |
0.19 (0.16–0.24) |
0.19 (0.18–0.25) |
0.22 (0.20–0.28) |
0.24 (0.20–0.27) |
||
| End |
0.21 (0.17–0.27) |
0.22 (0.18–0.25) |
0.22 (0.18–0.27) |
0.23 (0.20–0.28) |
0.24 (0.20–0.27) |
0.28 (0.24–0.34) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
0.16 (0.14–0.17) |
0.22 (0.18–0.27) |
0.18 (0.16–0.22) |
0.22 (0.20–0.29) |
0.20 (0.17–0.26) |
0.23 (0.20–0.27) |
|
| Middle |
0.17 (0.15–0.21) |
0.21 (0.19–0.25) |
0.17 (0.17–0.19) |
0.18 (0.17–0.25) |
0.19 (0.16–0.22) |
0.22 (0.18–0.25) |
||
| End |
0.16 (0.15–0.19) |
0.21 (0.21–0.23) |
0.18 (0.16–0.26) |
0.21 (0.20–0.22) |
0.23 (0.22–0.26) |
0.26 (0.21–0.31) |
||
| Closing duration (s) | Soft | Begin |
0.24 (0.20–0.28) |
0.25 (0.22–0.27) |
0.21 (0.17–0.23) |
0.21 (0.19–0.25) |
0.24 (0.22–0.26) |
0.25 (0.20–0.27) |
| Middle |
0.21 (0.17–0.24) |
0.22 (0.21–0.25) |
0.17 (0.15–0.20) |
0.18 (0.17–0.25) |
0.21 (0.17–0.26) |
0.21 (0.19–0.23) |
||
| End |
0.24 (0.23–0.30) |
0.26 (0.21–0.28) |
0.20 (0.17–0.22) |
0.22 (0.20–0.27) |
0.25 (0.23–0.27) |
0.24 (0.21–0.25) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
0.23 (0.18–0.25) |
0.23 (0.21–0.28) |
0.19 (0.17–0.21) |
0.23 (0.20–0.26) |
0.22 (0.15–0.29) |
0.23 (0.21–0.26) |
|
| Middle |
0.18 (0.14–0.20) |
0.20 (0.19–0.25) |
0.17 (0.15–0.18) |
0.21 (0.17–0.23) |
0.18 (0.16–0.26) |
0.20 (0.18–0.23) |
||
| End |
0.21 (0.20–0.23) |
0.22 (0.20–0.26) |
0.23 (0.22–0.25) |
0.20 (0.18–0.22) |
0.25 (0.19–0.29) |
0.23 (0.21–0.25) |
||
| EMG activity (closing phase) | Soft | Begin |
1.35 (1.14–1.57) |
1.40 (1.29–1.68) |
1.35 (1.0–1.51) |
1.52 (1.21–1.70) |
1.80 (1.56–2.18) |
1.42 (1.26–1.59) |
| Middle |
1.31 (0.93–1.46) |
1.0 (0.92–1.05) |
0.84 (0.75–0.97) |
1.10 (0.96–1.24) |
1.142 (1.0–1.38) |
0.92 (0.81–1.02) |
||
| End |
0.70 (0.41–1.54) |
0.58 (0.34–0.69) |
0.46 (0.37–0.57) |
0.73 (0.54–0.77) |
0.57 (0.49–0.65) |
0.34 (0.29–0.41) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
1.55 (1.31–1.83) |
1.68 (1.27–2.26) |
1.77 (1.53–2.28) |
1.29 (1.14–1.53) |
1.44 (1.08–1.52) |
1.92 (1.77–2.02) |
|
| Middle |
1.33 (1.02–1.55) |
1.166 (1.0–1.48) |
1.18 (1.01–1.39) |
0.97 (0.83–1.08) |
0.85 (0.67–1.0) |
1.07 (1.02–1.14) |
||
| End |
0.81 (0.52–1.46) |
0.66 (0.53–0.74) |
0.53 (0.47–0.69) |
0.54 (0.35–0.75) |
0.38 (0.26–0.46) |
0.31 (0.27–0.51) |
||
| EMG activity (occlusal phase) | Soft | Begin |
0.51 (0.39–1.17) |
1.35 (1.24–1.54) |
1.41 (0.95–1.46) |
1.35 (1.09–1.65) |
1.73 (1.49–2.10) |
1.37 (1.22–1.56) |
| Middle |
0.68 (0.39–0.84) |
0.94 (0.86–0.99) |
0.81 (0.67–0.92) |
0.97 (0.81–1.15) |
1.09 (0.96–1.32) |
0.89 (0.74–1.0) |
||
| End |
0.48 (0.34–0.71) |
0.55 (0.30–0.64) |
0.43 (0.30–0.54) |
0.62 (0.50–0.69) |
0.52 (0.46–0.61) |
0.31 (0.26–0.36) |
||
| Hard | Begin |
0.98 (0.50–1.77) |
1.63 (1.22–2.09) |
1.73 (1.48–2.19) |
1.21 (1.04–1.45) |
1.31 (0.99–1.44) |
1.87 (1.71–1.93) |
|
| Middle |
0.77 (0.60–1.17) |
1.11 (0.96–1.36) |
1.16 (0.98–1.30) |
0.87 (0.76–1.0) |
0.72 (0.53–0.95) |
1.03 (0.98–1.11) |
||
| End |
0.61 (0.42–0.86) |
0.60 (0.47–0.70) |
0.50 (0.44–0.63) |
0.42 (0.31–0.55) |
0.35 (0.19–0.42) |
0.28 (0.24–0.47) |