Table 1.
Demographic and health characteristics of sample (N = 159)
| Characteristic | Mean (standard deviation) or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, years | 79.3 (5.1) |
| Age group, years | |
| 70–79 | 87 (54.7) |
| 80–89 | 69 (43.4) |
| 90–99 | 3 (1.9) |
| Sex | |
| Women | 71 (44.7) |
| Men | 88 (55.4) |
| Race | |
| Black | 29 (18.2) |
| White | 130 (81.8) |
| Education, years | 15.0 (2.8) |
| Education category | |
| Less than high school graduate | 6(3.8) |
| High school graduate | 78 (49.1) |
| College graduate | 62 (39.0) |
| Professional or graduate school | 13 (8.2) |
| MMSE, total score | 27.8 (1.8) |
| MMSE | |
| ≥ 24 (not impaired) | 157 (98.7) |
| < 24 (impaired) | 2 (1.3) |
| Medical conditions, number | |
| 0–1 | 21 (13.2) |
| 2–3 | 45 (28.3) |
| 4–5 | 62 (40.0) |
| ≥6 | 31 (19.5) |
| CES-D, total score | 3.7 (4.2) |
| CES-D | |
| ≤ 16 (not depressed) | 156 (98.1) |
| > 16 (depressed) | 3 (1.9) |
| Eye diagnoses (in at least one eye)1 | |
| Glaucoma | 43 (27.7) |
| Diabetic retinopathy or macular edema | 10 (6.5) |
| Age-related macular degeneration | 29 (18.7) |
| Cataract | 63 (40.7) |
| Pseudophakia | 97 (62.6) |
1
No eye medical record available, N = 4.