Table 2.
Comparison of Change Values in Weight, Metabolic Markers, and Fasting Hormone and Metabolites Between Conditions
| Daytime Condition | Delayed Condition | Analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t-test | Effect Size | ||||||
| Pre- | Post- | Pre- | Post- | ||||
| OUTCOME MEASURES | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t | p | d | ||
| Weight and Metabolic Markers | |||||||
| Weight (kg) | 65.4 (7.5) | 64.3 (7.6) | 64.8 (7.5) | 65.0 (8.0) | −1.976 | 0.074 | 0.571 |
| Resting Energy Expenditure (kcals) | 1570.9 (214.5) | 1477.3 (230.1) | 1563.2 (214.5) | 1587.6 (138.0) | −1.783 | 0.100 | 0.515 |
| Respiratory Quotient (CO2 eliminated/O2 consumed) | 0.84 (0.05) | 0.83 (0.04) | 0.81 (0.06) | 0.84 (0.07) | −1.571 | 0.140 | 0.454 |
| DXA Total Fat (%) | 27.6 (5.4) | 27.9 (5.0) | 28.0 (5.4) | 27.6 (5.0) | 1.647 | 0.130 | 0.476 |
| DXA Lean Mass (%) | 14.5 (2.0) | 14.7 (1.9) | 14.7 (1.9) | 15.0 (2.2) | −0.673 | 0.510 | 0.194 |
| DXA Trunk Fat (%) | 26.1 (5.3) | 25.7 (5.1) | 25.7 (5.3) | 25.6 (5.1) | −1.068 | 0.310 | 0.308 |
| DXA Trunk/Leg Fat (%) | 0.87 (0.11) | 0.85 (0.10) | 0.85 (0.11) | 0.87 (0.11) | −3.530 | 0.005 | 1.019 |
| Fasting Hormones and Metabolites* | |||||||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 159.8 (29.1) | 155.9 (28.2) | 157.6 (38.0) | 162.0 (34.2) | −1.416 | 0.184 | 0.409 |
| dHDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.4 (12.6) | 53.8 (9.1) | 56.3 (15.5) | 60.0 (16.8) | −2.536 | 0.028 | 0.732 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 87.9 (24.6) | 87.8 (25.7) | 86.2 (32.6) | 83.7 (31.2) | 1.857 | 0.090 | 0.536 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 71.8 (19.2) | 73.3 (32.7) | 78.4 (12.6) | 93.4 (46.9) | −1.895 | 0.085 | 0.547 |
| Adiponectin (ug/ml) | 17.7 (8.3) | 17.4 (6.3) | 17.4 (6.7) | 21.4 (6.6) | −1.376 | 0.196 | 0.397 |
| NEFA (mEq/L) | 0.33 (0.14) | 0.39 (0.13) | 0.40 (0.14) | 0.31 (0.19) | 1.413 | 0.185 | 0.408 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.3 (7.4) | 91.6 (11.6) | 92.1 (5.3) | 97.0 (12.7) | −1.733 | 0.111 | 0.500 |
| Insulin (ulU/ml) | 8.1 (3.0) | 7.1 (3.2) | 6.8 (2.3) | 7.8 (3.5) | −1.926 | 0.080 | 0.556 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.92 (0.72) | 1.66 (0.97) | 1.54 (0.49) | 1.84 (0.80) | −2.252 | 0.046 | 0.650 |
Note: p=p-value from paired t-tests; d=Cohen’s d;
*
Analyses are adjusted for weight change.
A fasting blood draw was taken at 0800h after a minimum 9h fasting period.
DXA – dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; dHDL – direct high-density lipoprotein; LDL – low-density lipoprotein; NEFA – non-esterified fatty acid; HOMA-IR – Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance