Table 5.
List of all predictors relating to small ruminant management practice, household demography descriptions, exposure to abortion pathogens and unconditional association with history of abortion and number of abortions.
| Viable | Category | No. flock observed | No. flock affected | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | IRR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agro- ecology and production system | Lowland MCL | 221 | 89 (40.27) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Lowland Pastoral | 254 | 104 (40.94) | 1.03 | 0.71, 1.48 | 0.88 | 1.08 | 0.75, 1.56 | 0.66 | |
| Highland MCL | 66 | 2 (3.03) | 0.05 | 0.01, 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01, 0.29 | 0.00 | |
| District | Abergele | 112 | 49 (43.75) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Doyogena | 66 | 2 (3.03) | 0.04 | 0.01, 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01, 0.30 | 0.00 | |
| Eleweya | 152 | 70 (46.05) | 1.10 | 0.67, 1.79 | 0.71 | 1.27 | 0.80, 2.04 | 0.32 | |
| Yabello | 102 | 34 (33.33) | 0.64 | 0.37, 1.12 | 0.12 | 0.79 | 0.46, 1.36 | 0.40 | |
| Ziquala | 109 | 40 (36.7) | 0.75 | 0.43, 1.28 | 0.29 | 1.01 | 0.59, 1.74 | 0.96 | |
| Sex of household head | Female | 61 | 18 (29.51) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Male | 480 | 177 (36.88) | 1.40 | 0.78, 2.49 | 0.26 | 1.90 | 0.96, 3.78 | 0.07 | |
| Age of household head | <30 | 185 | 66 (35.68) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 30–60 | 324 | 119 (36.73) | 1.05 | 0.72, 1.52 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.54, 1.17 | 0.25 | |
| >60 | 32 | 10 (31.25) | 0.82 | 0.37, 1.83 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.29, 1.52 | 0.34 | |
| Education level household head | None | 402 | 164 (40.8) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Primary | 98 | 22 (22.45) | 0.42 | 0.25, 0.70 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.57, 1.74 | 1.00 | |
| Secondary and above | 41 | 9 (21.95) | 0.41 | 0.19, 0.88 | 0.02 | 0.84 | 0.34, 2.11 | 0.72 | |
| Flock type | Goat | 242 | 142 (58.68) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sheep | 299 | 53 (17.73) | 0.15 | 0.10, 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.17, 0.36 | 0.00 | |
| Small ruminant flock mix | Goat only | 24 | 9 (37.5) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sheep only | 77 | 4 (5.19) | 0.09 | 0.02, 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.08, 1.28 | 0.11 | |
| Mixed | 440 | 182 (41.36) | 1.18 | 0.50, 2.74 | 0.71 | 1.51 | 0.65, 3.50 | 0.34 | |
| Presence of other livestock | Small ruminant only | 17 | 2 (11.76) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≤ 2 other livestock species | 134 | 40 (29.85) | 3.19 | 0.70, 14.61 | 0.14 | 2.17 | 0.34, 13.7 | 0.41 | |
| >2 other livestock species | 390 | 153 (39.23) | 4.84 | 1.09, 21.47 | 0.04 | 3.81 | 0.62, 23.3 | 0.15 | |
| Flock size | <15 | 351 | 80 (22.79) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 15, 30 | 110 | 60 (54.55) | 4.07 | 2.59, 6.38 | 0.00 | 1.93 | 1.25, 2.99 | 0.00 | |
| >30 | 80 | 55 (68.75) | 7.45 | 4.37, 12.72 | 0.00 | 5.40 | 3.39, 8.62 | 0.00 | |
| Grazing land | Communal and private | 113 | 41 (36.28) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Communal only | 374 | 147 (39.30) | 1.14 | 0.74, 1.76 | 0.56 | 1.99 | 1.29, 3.06 | 0.00 | |
| Privately owned only | 54 | 7 (12.96) | 0.26 | 0.11, 0.63 | 0.00 | 4.64 | 1.64, 13.16 | 0.00 | |
| Distance to grazing land | <2 km | 215 | 58 (26.98) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2–4 km | 219 | 92 (42.01) | 1.96 | 1.31, 2.94 | 0.00 | 1.36 | 0.90, 2.06 | 0.15 | |
| >4 | 107 | 45 (42.06) | 1.96 | 1.21, 3.20 | 0.01 | 2.14 | 1.30, 3.52 | 0.00 | |
| Source of water | Liver/spring | 255 | 89 (34.9) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Tab water | 19 | 0 (0) | 0(0) | ||||||
| Stagnant | 264 | 105 (39.77) | 1.23 | 0.86, 1.76 | 0.25 | 1.13 | 1.63, 0.5 | 0.78 | |
| Feeding system | Free grazing | 483 | 194 (40.17) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Tethered | 4 | 0 (0) | 0(0) | ||||||
| Both | 54 | 1 (1.85) | 0.03 | 0.00, 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00, 0.30 | 0.00 | |
| Supplementary feed for pregnant | No | 447 | 178 (39.82) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 94 | 17 (18.09) | 0.33 | 0.19, 0.58 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.18, 0.60 | 0.00 | |
| Separate house for pregnant | No | 399 | 157 (39.35) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 142 | 38 (26.76) | 0.56 | 0.37, 0.86 | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.53, 1.32 | 0.45 | |
| Breeding male ownership | No | 82 | 26 (31.71) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 459 | 169 (36.82) | 1.26 | 0.76, 2.07 | 0.38 | 1.40 | 0.79, 2.46 | 0.25 | |
| Ram/buck stay in the flock | >2 | 62 | 7 (11.29) | ||||||
| 2–4 | 199 | 80 (40.2) | 5.28 | 2.29, 12.19 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.17, 1.09 | 0.08 | |
| >4 | 280 | 108 (38.57) | 4.93 | 2.17, 11.23 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.16, 0.97 | 0.04 | |
| CRP livestock health intervention | Not received | 255 | 98 (38.43) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Received | 286 | 97 (33.92) | 0.82 | 0.58, 1.17 | 0.28 | 1.27 | 0.89, 1.83 | 0.19 | |
| Housing/shelter at night | None shelter paddock | 225 | 102 (45.33) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Traditional house | 316 | 93 (29.43) | 0.50 | 0.35, 0.72 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.33, 0.68 | 0.00 | |
| Routine manure cleaning | No | 166 | 74 (44.58) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 375 | 121(32.27) | 0.59 | 0.01, 0.41 | 0.86 | 0.63 | 0.43, 0.92 | 0.02 | |
| Birth products disposal practice | Bury/burn | 44 | 2 (4.55) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Feed to dog | 379 | 157 (41.42) | 14.85 | 0.00, 3.54 | 62.26 | 17.22 | 3.13, 94.80 | 0.00 | |
| Disposed to environment | 118 | 36 (30.51) | 9.22 | 0.00, 2.12 | 40.16 | 22.83 | 4.02, 129.7 | 0.00 | |
| Action on frequently aborting dam | Keep in the flock | 132 | 62 (46.97) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sell | 267 | 101 (37.83) | 0.69 | 0.08, 0.45 | 1.05 | 0.64 | 0.43, 0.95 | 0.03 | |
| Slaughter | 36 | 21 (39.00) | 1.58 | 0.23, 0.75 | 3.33 | 1.15 | 0.58, 2.28 | 0.69 | |
| Dog access to the flock | Not at all | 152 | 39 (25.66) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes, neighbor dog | 139 | 54 (38.85) | 1.84 | 0.02, 1.12 | 3.03 | 2.11 | 1.21, 3.67 | 0.01 | |
| Yes, own dog | 239 | 99 (41.42) | 2.05 | 0.00, 1.31 | 3.20 | 2.49 | 1.53, 4.06 | 0.00 | |
| Cat access to the flock | Not at all | 211 | 90 (42.65) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes, neighbor cat | 108 | 38 (35.19) | 0.73 | 0.20, 0.45 | 1.18 | 1.00 | 0.61, 1.64 | 1.00 | |
| Yes, own cat | 200 | 62 (31) | 0.60 | 0.02, 0.40 | 0.91 | 1.31 | 0.87, 1.96 | 0.20 | |
| C. burnetii infection | Negative | 127 | 28 (22.05) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Positive | 96 | 45 (46.88) | 1.61 | 0.78, 3.32 | 0.198 | 1.05 | 0.57, 1.95 | 0.840 | |
| Brucella Spp. infection | Negative | 166 | 110 (66.27) | 1 | |||||
| Positive | 57 | 40 (70.18) | 1.30 | 0.57, 2.96 | 0.531 | 1.86 | 0.9, 3.83 | 0.094 | |
| C. abortus infection | Negative | 150 | 44 (29.33) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Positive | 73 | 29 (39.73) | 1.97 | 0.96, 4.04 | 0.066 | 1.04 | 0.55, 1.94 | 0.877 | |
| T. gondii infection | Negative | 166 | 56 (33.73) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Positive | 57 | 17 (29.82) | 0.51 | 0.25, 1.04 | 0.063 | 1.22 | 0.66, 2.27 | 0.644 | |
| At least one infection | Negative | 53 | 12 (22.64) | 1 | |||||
| Positive | 170 | 61 (35.88) | 2.03 | 0.92, 4.51 | 0.081 | 2.23 | 1.03, 4.81 | 0.000 | |
| Mixed infection | Negative | 124 | 33 (26.61) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Positive | 99 | 40 (59.6) | 1.49 | 0.78, 2.85 | 0.227 | 1.27 | 0.70, 2.3 | 0.591 |
IRR, Incidence rate ratio; CI, Confidence interval.