Table 2.

Intervention and methods characteristics of the included trials (total number of trials = 22)

Type of intervention	Author, year	Intervention	Control	Medication	Intensity	Depression measure	Results	Included in meta-analysis
Complementary and alternative therapy (N = 5)	Lee et al., 2016	Acupuncture	Sham group	No antipsychotic medication	3d/wk*3wk	K-BDI	Favoring intervention	Yes
	Man et al., 2014	Direct cranial electro-acupuncture stimulation	Body electro-acupuncture	SSRIs	3d/wk*4wk	HRSD	Favoring intervention	Yes
	Särkämö et al., 2008	Music listening	Language listening	40.7% of participants received antidepressants (citalopram or mirtazapine)	1h/d*2m	POMS	Favoring intervention	Yes
	Raglio et al., 2017	Relational Active Music Therapy (RAMT)	Standard care	No psychotropic medications	05h/d*20ses weekly	HADS-D	Favoring intervention	Yes
	Menghan et al., 2017	Tioshen Kaiqiao acupuncture	Meds+Body acupuncture	No antidepressants	0.3–0.5h/d, 3d/wk*12wk	HRSD	No difference	Yes
Exercise (N = 6)	Lai et al., 2006	Strength, balance, endurance, and upper extremity function	Usual care	24.5% of Participants received antidepressants	3d/wk*12wk for 36 ses (3months)	GDS	Favoring intervention	Yes
	Mead et al., 2007	Mixed endurance & resistance training	Relaxation attention control	Not reported	1.25h/d, 3d/wk*12wk	HADS-D	No difference	No (insufficient data)
	Zedlitz et al., 2012	Walking on a treadmill, strength training, homework assignments	Cognitive therapy	Not reported	12wk	HADS-D	Favoring intervention	Yes
	Vahlberg et al., 2017	Progressive resistance and balance	Usual care	Not reported	1h and 15min/d 2d/wk*12wk	GDS-20	No difference	Yes
	Rowe et al., 2017	Robotic assistance (high assistance)	Robotic assistance (low assistance)	Not reported	1h/d, 3d/wk*12wk	GDS	No difference	Yes
	Topcuoglu et al., 2015	Upper extremity aerobic exercise	Standard treatment	Not reported	0.5h/d, 5d/wk*16wk	BDI	Favoring intervention	No (insufficient data)
Psychosocial therapy (N = 6)	Mitchell et al., 2009	Psychosocial behavioral intervention	Usual care	Received antidepressants	9 ses (8wk)	HRSD	Favoring intervention	No (publication bias)
	Watkins et al., 2009	Motivational interviewing	Usual care	Not reported	0.5–1h/ses, 4ses	GHQ-28, Yale	Favoring intervention	No (insufficient data)
	Aben et al., 2013	Memory self-efficacy training program	Attention control	Not reported	1h/ses, 2d/wk, 9ses	CES-D	No difference	Yes
	Visser et al., 2016	Problem-solving therapy	Standard rehabilitation	19.3% of Participants received antidepressants	1.5h/wk, 8ses	CES-D	No difference	No (publication bias)
	Kirkness et al., 2017	Brief psychosocial intervention	Usual care	44.4% of participants received antidepressants	Tel:10–80min, In-person: 26–38min	GDS, HRSD	Favoring intervention	Yes
	Kootker et al., 2017	Augmented cognitive behavioral therapy	Usual care	No antidepressants	13–16ses for 4m	HADS-D	No difference	No (insufficient data)
Multifactorial therapy (N = 3)	Ihle-Hansen et al., 2014	Multifactorial risk factor intervention program	Usual care	Not reported	Unclear	HADS-D	Favoring intervention	Yes
	Rochette et al., 2013	We Call: a multimodal (telephone, Internet, paper) support intervention	You Call: standard care whereby contact with medical staff is initiated by patients	Not reported	Unclear	BDI	No difference	Yes
	Wong et al., 2015	Holistic care Interventions administered by a multidisciplinary team	Physical training program	Not reported	4 wk	CES-D	Favoring intervention	No (insufficient data)
Cranial stimulation (N = 2)	Valiengo et al., 2017	Transcranial direct current stimulation	Sham control	No antidepressants	12–30min/ses for 6 wk	HRSD	Favoring intervention	No (insufficient data)
	Gu et al., 2017	Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation	Sham control	No antidepressants	70mm/d 5d/wk*2wk	BDI	Favoring intervention	No (publication bias)

(K-)BDI: (Korean version) of the Beck Depression Inventory, HRSD: The 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, POMS: The Profile of Mood States, HADS-D: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression Subscore, GDS: The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, GHQ-28: 28-Item General Health Questionnaire, Yale: Yale Depression Screen, CES-D: The Center of Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale, MES: The Bech–Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale