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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug 12;19(6):1258–1266.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.08.012

Table 3.

Associations between reproductive and hormone-related factors and NAFLD risk by race/ethnicity in the Multiethnic Cohort

African Americans Native Hawaiian Japanese American Latino White
Ca/Co OR (95% CI) Ca/Co OR (95% CI) Ca/Co OR (95% CI) Ca/Co OR (95% CI) Ca/Co OR (95% CI)
Age at menarche1
 <11 14/95 ref 11/115 ref 101/679 ref 31/217 ref 31/184 ref
 11–12 53/482 0.87(0.45–1.66) 48/450 1.15(0.56–2.36) 390/3632 0.79(0.62–1.00) 120/1186 0.79(0.51–1.23) 117/1004 0.66(0.42–1.03)
 >13 53/543 0.80(0.42–1.56) 39/430 1.10(0.52–2.29) 345/3814 0.72(0.56–0.92) 147/1486 0.80(0.52–1.24) 123/1170 0.64(0.41–0.99)
 Trend test P 0.52 0.92 0.02 0.5 0.13
Parity1
 Nulliparous 7/140 ref 9/85 ref 104/1169 ref 21/302 ref 30/399 ref
 1 or more children 113/984 2.30(1.03–5.17) 89/911 0.93(0.42–2.06) 733/6979 1.07(0.85–1.34) 278/2591 1.47(0.90–2.39) 241/1963 1.50(0.99–2.27)
Type of menopause2
 Natural 39/420 ref 38/419 ref 382/4116 ref 134/1517 ref 116/1128 ref
 Oophorectomy 27/200 1.22(0.66–2.23) 20/155 1.14(0.56–2.28) 147/1130 1.49(1.15–1.92) 52/326 1.49(1.00–2.19) 52/336 1.30(0.83–2.01)
 Simple hysterectomy Years of menstruation among 34/272 0.96(0.53–1.73) 12/142 0.92(0.40–2.02) 111/803 1.68(1.27–2.22) 65/550 1.14(0.78–1.64) 54/369 1.18(0.75–1.85)
Years of menstruation among natural postmenopausal women3
 < 30 12/78 ref 12/80 ref 42/442 ref 29/256 ref 17/153 ref
 > 30 – < 35 10/124 0.45(0.18–1.14) 11/122 0.63(0.25–1.58) 81/1083 0.90(0.61–1.36) 42/451 0.87(0.52–1.45) 43/338 1.10(0.60–2.09)
 > 35 17/218 0.42(0.18–1.00) 15/217 0.35(0.14–0.85) 259/2591 1.23(0.87–1.77) 63/810 0.71(0.45–1.16) 56/637 0.76(0.42–1.43)
 Trend test P 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.18
OC use1
 Never 60/537 ref 47/466 ref 427/4668 ref 167/1663 ref 112/936 ref
 Ever 60/587 0.82(0.51–1.33) 51/530 0.85(0.52–1.39) 410/3480 1.32(1.11–1.57) 132/1230 1.04(0.79–1.38) 159/1426 0.93(0.68–1.27)
Menopausal hormone therapy4
 Never use of any type of hormone therapy 46/439 ref 23/325 ref 197/2113 ref 101/1207 ref 67/531 ref
 Ever ET 35/312 1.04(0.62–1.72) 27/220 1.34(0.68–2.65) 208/1756 1.12(0.88–1.42) 87/630 1.41(1.01–1.96) 84/622 0.97(0.66–1.43)
 Ever EPT 17/130 1.52(0.80–2.80) 20/161 1.58(0.80–3.10) 222/2113 1.22(0.99–1.51) 58/498 1.47(1.02–2.11) 64/654 0.90(0.61–1.33)
Per 5 years of ever use of ET4 0.92(0.69–1.17) 1.20(0.88–1.63) 1.09(0.99–1.20) 1.08(0.92–1.27) 1.11(0.95–1.28)
Per 5 years of ever use of EPT4 1.27(0.72–2.01) 1.19 (0.67–1.95) 1.03(0.90–1.18) 1.02(0.76–1.32) 0.94(0.73–1.19)
1

Multivariate logistic regression models stratified by matching set and adjusted for alcohol intake, smoking status, METs, BMI at baseline and BMI change from age 21 to baseline, education, diabetes, and mutually adjusted parity, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status and hormone use.

2

Among postmenopausal women only. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for matching factors, alcohol intake, smoking status, METs, BMI at baseline and BMI change from age 21 to baseline, education, diabetes, parity, oral contraceptive use, menopausal hormone use and years of menstruation.

3

Among postmenopausal women only. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for matching factors, alcohol intake, smoking status, METs, BMI at baseline and BMI change from age 21 to baseline, education, diabetes, parity, oral contraceptive use, menopausal hormone use.

4

Among postmenopausal women only for estrogen therapy use with or without progestin. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for matching factors, alcohol intake, smoking status, METs, BMI at baseline and BMI change from age 21 to baseline, education, diabetes, parity, oral contraceptive use, and age at and type of menopause.