Table 1. Characteristics of participants aged 20 or older by depressive symptoms, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2014.
| Characteristics | Without depressive symptoms (PHQ <10) |
With depressive symptoms (PHQ ≥10) |
P valuea |
| Number of subjects (%) | 15,332 (90.6) | 1,593 (9.4) | |
| Age, years (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 20–39 | 4,825 (31.5) | 476 (29.9) | |
| 40–59 | 5,070 (33.1) | 675 (42.4) | |
| ≥60 | 5,437 (35.5) | 442 (27.7) | |
| Gender (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 7,766 (50.7) | 560 (35.2) | |
| Female | 7,566 (49.3) | 1,033 (64.8) | |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Mexican American | 2,159 (14.1) | 231 (14.5) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1,457 (9.5) | 216 (13.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 7,211 (47.0) | 707 (44.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3,180 (20.7) | 341 (21.4) | |
| Other race | 1,325 (8.6) | 98 (6.2) | |
| Marital status (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Married/living with partner | 9,344 (61.0) | 723 (45.4) | |
| Widowed/divorced/separated/never married | 5,980 (39.0) | 869 (54.6) | |
| Educational level (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Below high school | 3,451 (22.5) | 587 (36.8) | |
| High school | 3,521 (23.0) | 377 (23.7) | |
| Above high school | 8,347 (54.5) | 629 (39.5) | |
| Family income (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Under $20,000 | 3,317 (22.4) | 676 (44.6) | |
| $20,000 and over | 11,459 (77.6) | 839 (55.4) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) (%) | <0.001 | ||
| <25 kg/m2 | 4,369 (28.7) | 365 (23.2) | |
| 25 to <30 kg/m2 | 5,204 (34.2) | 414 (26.3) | |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 5,629 (37.0) | 794 (50.5) | |
| Work physical activity (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Vigorous | 2,836 (18.5) | 278 (17.5) | |
| Moderate | 3,347 (21.8) | 289 (18.2) | |
| Other | 9,147 (59.7) | 1,024 (64.4) | |
| Recreational physical activity (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Vigorous | 3,346 (21.8) | 157 (9.9) | |
| Moderate | 4,318 (28.2) | 312 (19.6) | |
| Other | 7,668 (50.0) | 1,124 (70.6) | |
| Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in a lifetime (%) | 6,750 (44.0) | 937 (58.8) | <0.001 |
| Had at least 12 alcohol drinks one year (%) | 11,156 (72.8) | 1,157 (72.8) | >0.99 |
| Hypertension (%) | 7,756 (51.1) | 849 (54.1) | 0.026 |
| Diabetes (%) | 2,730 (18.1) | 419 (26.9) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease (%) | 1,208 (7.9) | 247 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| Stroke (%) | 511 (3.3) | 119 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d), median (interquartile range) | 1,912.3 (995.3) | 1,801.0 (993.8) | <0.001 |
PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire.
aP values derived from chi-square tests for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney U tests for non-normal continuous variables.