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. 2021 Feb 11;12:942. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21195-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Duration of the larval instars and of the pupal stage after conventional rearing (CR, black), rearing with wild-type E. coli (WT, orange) and auxotrophic E. coli (AUX, blue). The duration of the different stages is quantified from the addition of bacteria to first-instar larvae (L1) to the beginning of each stage. b Larval length measured on the fifth day after hatching. c Wing length of 2 day old adult mosquitoes. d Proportion of mosquitoes laying eggs (full bars) after the first blood meal. e Number of eggs laid per mosquito after the first blood meal. Full circles represent mosquito contaminated by bacteria (colony forming units, CFU ≥ 1) while empty circles represent germ-free mosquitoes (0 CFU). f Kaplan-Meier survival curves of male (solid line) and female (dotted line) sugar-fed mosquitoes. In (a–e), data show mean ± SEM of three (a, d, e) or four (b, c) independent replicates. The exact number of individuals analysed per condition and replicate is indicated in each panel. Statistical significance was determined with generalised linear mixed models and least square means with Bonferroni correction. In (f), data show survival proportions ± 95% confidence interval of three replicates. The exact number of individuals analysed per condition and replicate is indicated in the figure. Statistical significance was determined with a Cox proportional hazards model. Exact p values are indicated in the figure. See Table S1 for detailed statistical information. Source Data are provided as a Source Data file.