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. 2021 Feb 11;11:3574. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80593-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The results of the web-based experiment. The rows show the results of the web-based experiment in the factual and counterfactual learning contexts. The first to third columns represent the learning rates in the Asymmetry (a,f), Hybrid (impulsive) (b,g), and Hybrid (gradual) models (c,h). (d,i) The fourth column indicates the degree of learning rate bias (i.e., positivity bias in the factual context and confirmation bias in the counterfactual context). (e,j) The final column shows the perseverance parameter (φ) in the Perseverance (impulsive), Perseverance (gradual), Hybrid (impulsive), and Hybrid (gradual) models. ***p < 0.001, **p < .01 and *p < 0.05. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean.