Figure 5.

The results of open datasets 1 and 2. (a–e) The results of open dataset 1 (Palminteri et al.) in the factual learning context. (f–j) The results of open dataset 1 in the counterfactual learning context. (k–o) The results of open dataset 2 (Niv et al. 2012). The first to third columns indicate the learning rates (${\alpha }_c^{+}$ and ${\alpha }_c^{-}$ in the factual learning context; ${\alpha }_c^{+}$,${\alpha }_c^{-},{\alpha }_u^{+}$, and ${\alpha }_u^{-}$ in the counterfactual context) in the Asymmetry (a,f,k), Hybrid (impulsive) (b,g,l), and Hybrid (gradual) (c,h,m) models. (d,i,n) The fourth column shows the degree of learning rate bias. (e,j,o) The final column shows the perseverance parameter (φ) in the Perseverance (impulsive), Perseverance (gradual), Hybrid (impulsive), and Hybrid (gradual) models. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01 and *p < 0.05. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean.