Table 2.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the Danish COVID-IMID cohort.
| Overall | Rheumatological | p-value | Gastrointestinal | p-value | Dermatological | p-value | Multiple IMIDs | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N (%) | 328 | 184 | 90 | 60 | 17 | ||||
| Age | median (IQR) | 55 (41–74) | 63 (50–78) | 48 (37–60) | 46 (26–63) | <0.01 | 55 (46–57) | |||
| Duration of IMIDs | Median years (IQR) | 7.6 (2.8–13.9) | 6.8 (2.6–13.4) | 0.90 | 12.8 (5.0–23.7 | 0.12 | 4.4 (2.3–10.7) | 0.76 | 13.0 (4.1–20.7) | 0.52 |
| Female | N (%) | 188 (57.3) | 113 (61.4) | 0.09 | 39 (43.3) | <0.01 | 38 (63.3) | 0.79 | 7 (41.2) | 0.17 |
| Body mass index | median (IQR) | 25 (22.3–29.2) | 24.6 (22.4–29.4) | 22.0 (25.2–28.0) | 26.5 (21.5–33.9) | 27.2 (23.4–31.6) | ||||
| Active or former smoker | N (%) | 154 (47.0) | 97 (52.7) | 0.02 | 34 (37.8) | 0.04 | 25 (41.7) | 0.11 | 6 (35.3) | 0.32 |
| Co-existing conditions | N (%) | 166 (50.6) | 112 (60.9) | <0.01 | 35 (38.9) | <0.01 | 21 (35.0) | <0.01 | 8 (47.1) | 0.76 |
| Hypertension | N (%) | 59 (18.0) | 41 (22.3) | 0.02 | 11 (12.2) | 0.09 | 7 (11.7) | 0.14 | 1 (5.9) | 0.18 |
| Obesity | N (%) | 58 (17.7) | 33 (17.9) | 0.89 | 13 (14.4) | 0.34 | 14 (23.3) | 0.28 | 4 (23.5) | 0.52 |
| Diabetes | N (%) | 35 (10.7) | 24 (13.0) | 0.12 | 8 (8.9) | 0.52 | 4 (6.7) | 0.25 | 1 (5.9) | 0.51 |
| Cancer | N (%) | 23 (7.0) | 18 (9.8) | 0.03 | 5 (5.6) | 0.53 | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Congestive heart failure | N (%) | 18 (5.5) | 14 (7.6) | 0.06 | 3 (3.3) | 0.29 | 1 (1.7) | 0.15 | 1 (5.9) | 0.94 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | N (%) | 17 (5.2) | 14 (7.6) | 0.03 | 1 (1.1) | 0.04 | 2 (3.3) | 0.47 | 0 | NA |
| Psychiatric diseases | N (%) | 17 (5.2) | 12 (6.5) | 0.22 | 3 (3.3) | 0.35 | 2 (3.3) | 0.47 | 1 (5.9) | 0.89 |
| History of stroke | N (%) | 16 (4.9) | 12 (6.5) | 0.12 | 3 (3.3) | 0.42 | 1 (1.7) | 0.20 | 1 (5.9) | 0.84 |
| Chronic kidney disease | N (%) | 11 (3.4) | 8 (4.3) | 0.26 | 1 (1.1) | 0.17 | 2 (3.3) | 0.98 | 0 | NA |
| Coronary artery disease | N (%) | 9 (2.7) | 8 (4.3) | 0.04 | 1 (0.01) | 0.26 | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Disease activity | ||||||||||
| Clinical remission | N (%) | 155 (47.3) | 79 (42.9) | 0.08 | 58 (64.4) | <0.01 | 18 (30.0) | <0.01 | 6 (35.3) | 0.31 |
| C-reactive protein | median (IQR) | 4.0 (2.5–14.8) | 4.0 (2.9–19.0) | 3.0 (2.1–7.4) | 4.0 (1.8–7.8) | 4.0 (2.0–10.0) | ||||
| Long-term medication | ||||||||||
| Any medication for IMID | N (%) | 235 (71.7) | 133 (72.2) | 0.77 | 62 (68.9) | 0.50 | 46 (76.7) | NA | 15 (88.2) | 0.12 |
| Duration of immunosuppressive therapies | Median months (IQR) | 4.0 (1.8–7.5) | 4.2 (1.9–8.2) | 0.85 | 3.7 (2.1–6.8) | 0.73 | 3.1 (1.8–6.7) | 0.48 | 3.1 (2.8–8.4) | 0.33 |
| Corticosteroids | ||||||||||
| Systemic steroids | N (%) | 42 (12.8) | 38 (20.7) | <0.01 | 3 (3.3) | <0.01 | 1 (1.7) | <0.01 | 3 (17.6) | 0.54 |
| Topical steroids | N (%) | 49 (14.9) | 15 (8.2) | <0.01 | 6 (6.7) | <0.01 | 33 (55.0) | <0.01 | 6 (35.3) | 0.02 |
| Intra-articular steroids | N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Intra-muscular steroids | N (%) | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Immunomodulators | ||||||||||
| Methotrexate | N (%) | 59 (18.0) | 49 (26.6) | <0.01 | 3 (3.3) | 0.01 | 11 (18.3) | 0.95 | 5 (29.4) | 0.21 |
| Azathioprine | N (%) | 17 (5.2) | 4 (2.2) | <0.01 | 14 (15.6) | <0.01 | 0 | NA | 1 (5.9) | 0.89 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | N (%) | 10 (3.0) | 10 (5.4) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 2 (11.8) | 0.03 |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | N (%) | 7 (2.1) | 7 (3.8) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Mercaptopurine | N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 | NA | 1 (1.1) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Biologic therapies | ||||||||||
| Any | N (%) | 51 (15.5) | 29 (15.8) | 0.90 | 18 (20.0) | 0.17 | 6 (10.0) | 0.17 | 7 (41.2) | <0.01 |
| Adalimumab | N (%) | 14 (4.3) | 8 (4.3) | 0.94 | 6 (6.7) | 0.19 | 2 (3.3) | 0.68 | 3 (17.6) | <0.01 |
| Abatacept | N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Belimumab | N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Etanercept | N (%) | 7 (2.1) | 6 (3.3) | 0.11 | 1 (1.1) | 0.43 | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Golimumab | N (%) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (1.6) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Infliximab | N (%) | 11 (3.4) | 6 (3.3) | 0.92 | 6 (6.7) | 0.04 | 0 | NA | 1 (5.9) | 0.55 |
| Natalizumab | N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 | NA | 1 (1.1) | NA | 0 | NA | 1 (5.9) | NA |
| Ocrelizumab | N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Rituximab | N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Secukinumab | N (%) | 2 (0.6) | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 2 (3.3) | NA | 0 | NA |
| Tocilizumab | N (%) | 3 (0.9) | 3 (1.6) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 2 (11.8) | NA |
| Ustekinumab | N (%) | 2 (0.6) | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 2 (3.3) | NA | 0 | NA |
| Vedolizumab | N (%) | 4 (1.2) | 0 | NA | 4 (4.4) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA |
| Small molecules | NA | NA | ||||||||
| Baricitinib | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | 0 | NA | |
IMIDs, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The p-value indicates the difference between patients with the specific IMIDs and patients without those IMIDs. The “overall” groups includes the before mentioned rheumatological, gastrointestinal, hepatological, pancreatic and neurological IMIDs. Treatments that the cohort did not receive are not mentioned here, but all biological, small molecules and immunomodulators were assessed.