Figure 3.

Overview of the principal metabolic regulation of TCA, glycolysis, electron transport chain, and fatty acid synthesis in macrophages involved in switching macrophage phenotypes. Glycolysis is primarily involved in the activation of M1 that further secretes proinflammatory cytokines. The TCA cycle mainly supports the stimulation of M2 macrophages, consequently inducing secretion of prorepair cytokines. The important metabolites or enzymes involved in the phenotype switching are highlighted in orange color. Reprinted with permission from [134] Copyright © 2020 Springer Nature.