Table 1.
Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the analytic samples
| Females (N = 2,719) | Males (N = 2,841) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (standard deviation) | 83.53 (3.68) | 76.32 (5.5) |
| Race, % (n) | ||
| White | 91.39 (2,485) | 90.21 (2,563) |
| Non-White | 8.61 (234) | 9.79 (278) |
| Education, % (n) | ||
| ≥College education | 66.46 (1,807) | 56.28 (1,599) |
| HS or some college education | 19.49 (530) | 38.40 (1,091) |
| <HS education | 14.05 (382) | 5.32 (151) |
| Marital status, % (n) | ||
| Married | 27.07 (736) | 84.55 (2,402) |
| Widowed | 61.35 (1,668) | 7.60 (216) |
| Other | 11.58 (315) | 7.85 (223) |
| Smoking status, % (n) | ||
| Current | 2.69 (73) | 1.94 (55) |
| Past | 33.14 (900) | 58.70 (1,667) |
| Never | 64.21 (1,746) | 39.39 (1,119) |
| Any alcohol use, % (n) | 41.72 (1,133) | 34.24 (968) |
| Body mass index, mean (standard deviation) | 26.86 (4.45) | 27.18 (3.79) |
| Anxiety symptoms (GADS),* mean (standard deviation) | 2.37 (2.6) | 0.97 (1.89) |
| Depressive symptoms (GDS),† mean (standard deviation) | 1.34 (2.2) | 1.77 (2.16) |
| Cognition (26-item mMMSE),‡ mean (standard deviation) | 24.26 (1.98) | 24.23 (1.97) |
| Cognitive impairment (26-item mMMSE‡ < 21), % (n) | 5.50 (137) | 4.61 (131) |
| Self-rated health, % (n) | ||
| 1 (Excellent) | 19.62 (533) | 33.77 (959) |
| 2 (Good) | 56.52 (1,535) | 53.17 (1,510) |
| 3 (Fair) | 21.76 (591) | 11.87 (337) |
| 4 (Poor/very poor) | 2.10 (75) | 1.2 (34) |
| Number of instrumental activities of daily living that could not be performed, % (n) | ||
| 0 | 53.26 (1,415) | 69.39 (1,970) |
| 1 | 18.74 (498) | 18.56 (527) |
| 2 | 11.82 (314) | 6.73 (191) |
| 3 | 8.51 (226) | 3.80 (108) |
| 4 | 7.68 (204) | 1.51 (43) |
| Number of chronic conditions§ % (n) | ||
| 0 | 18.3 (480) | 29.58 (840) |
| 1 | 36.26 (951) | 35.35 (1,004) |
| 2 | 25.89 (679) | 21.41 (608) |
| 3 | 11.67 (306) | 8.98 (255) |
| ≥4 | 7.89 (207) | 4.68 (133) |
| Total number of prescription medications, mean (SD) | 4.49 (3.05) | 3.86 (3.02) |
*Goldberg Anxiety Index.
†15-item Geriatric Depression Scale.
‡26-item Modified Mini Mental State Exam (mMMSE). A score < 21 corresponds to an MMSE < 24.
§The following conditions were considered: stroke, angina, heart failure, heart attack, high blood pressure, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, and arthritis.