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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 12.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Physiol. 2019 Feb 10;81:309–333. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114605

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Biomarkers of AKI. The upper panel contains an AKI biopsy specimen, and the bottom panel is a close-up graphical representation of the portion of the AKI biopsy that is boxed in black and depicts three domains of kidney biomarkers. Biomarkers of tubular injury that are depicted include KIM-1 and NGAL, which are produced by proximal tubular cells early after kidney injury. Biomarkers of tubular function that are depicted include L-FABP, CysC, and α1M, which are proteins that build up in the urine due to tubular dysfunction. Biomarkers of inflammation that are depicted include IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and MCP-1, which are produced as part of the inflammatory response to injury. Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; α1M, alpha-1 microglobulin; CysC, cystatin C; IL, interleukin; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; L-FABP, liver-type fatty acid-binding-protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.