Table 2.
Estimated marginal means (and standard errors) of child outcomes pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up by study group and estimated intervention effects between different time points from linear mixed models
| Measure | Difference in change between intervention and control groups | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Follow-up | Pre-post | Post-follow-up | Pre-follow-up | |||||||
| M (SE) | M (SE) | M (SE) | Estimate (95% CI) | p | da | Estimate (95% CI) | p | da | Estimate (95% CI) | p | da | |
| Parent report | ||||||||||||
| ECBI | ||||||||||||
| Intensity | ||||||||||||
| IY (N = 44–49) | 144.4 (3.8) | 125.6 (4.2) | 131.3 (4.7) | 6.1 (− 3.4 to 15.6) | 0.204 | 0.26 | − 10.2 (− 22.5 to 2.0) | 0.101 | − 0.51 | − 4.1 (− 15.2 to 7.0) | 0.466 | − 0.16 |
| Control (N = 45–48) | 152.0 (3.8) | 139.4 (4.2) | 134.8 (4.7) | |||||||||
| Problem | ||||||||||||
| IY (N = 42–45) | 18.9 (1.2) | 10.3 (1.3) | 12.6 (1.4) | 5.8 (2.7 to 8.9) | < 0.001 | 0.82 | − 5.3 (− 8.9 to − 1.6) | 0.005 | − 0.90 | 0.6 (− 3.0 to 4.2) | 0.755 | 0.11 |
| Control (N = 38–40) | 19.1 (1.2) | 16.2 (1.3) | 13.3 (1.5) | |||||||||
| CBCL | ||||||||||||
| Attention problems | ||||||||||||
| IY (N = 44–49) | 4.1 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.3) | 0.2 (− 0.5 to 0.9) | 0.557 | 0.11 | − 0.3 (− 0.9 to 0.4) | 0.394 | − 0.24 | − 0.1 (− 0.8 to 0.6) | 0.838 | − 0.05 |
| Control (N = 45–49) | 4.4 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.3) | |||||||||
| Aggressive behavior | ||||||||||||
| IY (N = 44–49) | 19.2 (1.1) | 14.8 (1.0) | 15.6 (1.1) | 2.4 (− 0.4 to 5.1) | 0.089 | 0.34 | − 2.8 (− 5.6 to 0.0) | 0.052 | − 0.50 | − 0.4 (− 3.3 to 2.5) | 0.777 | − 0.08 |
| Control (N = 45–49) | 20.0 (1.1) | 18.0 (1.1) | 15.9 (1.1) | |||||||||
| Teacher report | ||||||||||||
| SESBI-R | ||||||||||||
| Intensity | ||||||||||||
| IY (N = 37–40) | 124.2 (7.5) | 120.4 (7.7) | 118.8 (8.6) | − 6.5 (− 21.1 to 8.1) | 0.380 | − 0.25 | 11.3 (− 7.2 to 29.7) | 0.227 | 0.34 | 4.8 (− 13.3 to 22.8) | 0.600 | 0.08 |
| Control (N = 37–45) | 131.4 (7.3) | 121.1 (7.6) | 130.8 (8.5) | |||||||||
| Problem | ||||||||||||
| IY (N = 32–39) | 9.7 (1.7) | 8.2 (1.7) | 9.6 (2.0) | 2.1 (− 1.6 to 5.9) | 0.252 | 0.20 | 0.5 (− 4.3 to 5.2) | 0.839 | 0.09 | 2.6 (− 2.1 to 7.4) | 0.271 | 0.23 |
| Control (N = 34–43) | 11.6 (1.6) | 12.2 (1.7) | 14.2 (2.0) | |||||||||
| TRF | ||||||||||||
| Attention problems | ||||||||||||
| IY (N = 38–40) | 6.4 (0.6) | 6.1 (0.6) | 5.4 (0.7) | − 0.3 (− 1.6 to 0.9) | 0.605 | − 0.11 | 0.7 (− 0.7 to 2.1) | 0.319 | 0.23 | 0.4 (− 1.0 to 1.8) | 0.585 | 0.09 |
| Control (N = 38–45) | 7.0 (0.6) | 6.5 (0.6) | 6.5 (0.7) | |||||||||
| Aggressive behavior | ||||||||||||
| IY (N = 38–40) | 10.3 (1.4) | 10.5 (1.3) | 9.7 (1.6) | − 1.3 (− 3.8 to 1.1) | 0.283 | − 0.22 | 1.3 (− 1.7 to 4.3) | 0.400 | 0.31 | − 0.5 (− 3.3 to 3.2) | 0.970 | − 0.02 |
| Control (N = 38–45) | 12.8 (1.4) | 11.6 (1.3) | 12.1 (1.5) | |||||||||
ECBI Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, SESBI-R = Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory–Revised, TRF Teacher Report Form
aEffects sizes: Cohen’s d calculated using difference scores between time points; 0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, 0.8 = large effect.