Figure 3.

Bacterial strategies targeting macrophage metabolism toward a successful infection. Bacteria manipulate metabolic pathways to enhance the necessary nutrient resources required for their survival, including glucose and lactate as carbon sources. The antibacterial effects of itaconate is countered by some bacteria through expression of itaconate degradative enzymes. Bacteria can “hide” from innate sensors by altering host metabolic enzymes (e.g. PDE2 conversion into lipoyl-E2-PDH that blocks TLR1/2 stimulation by bacterial lipopeptides). Chronic infection by intracellular bacteria is promoted through the actions of PPARδ and PPARγ that promote a wound healing phenotype and enhance glucose availability for the bacteria.