Table 1.
Summary of Included Studies on Risk of Violence in Drug Use Disorders
| First Author, Year (Reference No.) | Country | Source of Population | DiagnosisCriteria | Design | Type of Drugs | ComparisonGroups a | Sample Size | Age, years | Sex | Year | Follow-up, years | Outcome | Source of Outcome | Assessed Alcohol Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swanson, 1990 (56) | US | The Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys | DSM-IIIa | Case-control | Cannabis use dependence, other drugs | Non–drug use disorder | 8,061 | ≥18 | Mixed | 1983 | N/A | Violence | Self-report | Yes |
| Friedman, 1996 (57) | US | A longitudinal study of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project | DSM-III | Cohort | Marijuana use, drug abuse | Non– marijuana use, non–drug abuse | 380 | 25.5 ± 6.1 | Mixed | 1985 | 2.5 | Violence | Self-report | Yes |
| Arseneault, 2000 (68) | New Zealand | The Dunedin Study | DSM-III-R | Cohort | Marijuana dependence disorder | Non–marijuana dependence disorder | 182 | Mean, 21 | Mixed | 1994 | 21 | Violence | Court convictions and/or self-report | Yes |
| Corrigan, 2005 (66) | US | The National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) | DSM-III-R | Case-control | Any drug use disorder | Non–drug use | 5,865 | 18–54 | 18–54 | 1990–1992 | N/A | Violent behavior | Self-report | Yes |
| Payer, 2011 (58) | US | Participants diagnosed with methamphetamine dependence | DSM-IV | Case-control | Methamphetmine dependence | Healthy controls without drug use disorder | 44 | 32.8 ± 8.8 | Female | Not stated | N/A | Aggression | Self-report | Yes |
| Christoffersen, 2003 (69) | Denmark | The 1966 birth cohort in Denmark | ICD-8b | Cohort | Drug addicts | Non–drug addicts | 43,403 | 15–47 | Male | 1993 | 13 | Violent crimes | Official records | No |
| Feingold, 2008 (59) | US | The Couple Study associated with the Oregon Youth Study | DSM-IV | Cohort | Cannabis, hallucinogen, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, sedatives | Non–cannabis, hallucinogen, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, sedatives | 150 | 19–28 | Male | Not stated | 9 | Intimate partner violence | Self-report, other’s report, interview ratings | Yes |
| Van Dorn, 2012 (60) | US | National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions | DSM-IV | Cohort | Drug use disorder | Non–drug use disorder | 36,019 | ≥18 | Mixed | 2005 | 3 | Any violence | Self-report | Yes |
| Smith, 2014 (61) | US | National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions | DSM-IV | Cohort | Cocaine, cannabis, opioid use disorder | Non–cocaine use disorder, non–opioid use disorder | 25,633 | Mean, 46.4 | Mixed | 2005 | 3 | Intimate partner violence | Self-report | Yes |
| Feingold, 2014 (62) | US | The Couple Study associated with the Oregon Youth Study | DSM-IV-TR | Cohort | Cannabis, hallucinogen, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, sedatives | Non–cannabis, hallucinogen, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, sedtives | 146 | Mean, 35 | Female | Not stated | 10 | Intimate partner violence | Others’ report | Yes |
| Have, 2014 (70) | Netherlands | A cohort study of the Dutch general population | DSM-IV | Cohort | Drug dependence | Non–drug dependence | 5,303 | 18–64 | Mixed | 2012 | 3 | Physical violence | Self-report | Yes |
| McCauley, 2015 (63) | US | The National Comorbidity Survey Replication | WHO-CIDIc | Case-control | Drug abuse | Non–drug abuse | 5,692 | 21–99 | Mixed | 2003 | N/A | Physical dating violence | Self-report | Yes |
| Harford, 2016 (53) | US | National Survey on Drug Use and Health | DSM-IV | Case-control | Drug use disorder | Non–drug use disorder | 108,560 | 12–17 | Mixed | 2008–2013 | N/A | Other-directed violence | Self-report | Yes |
| White, 2015 (64) | US | A cohort of the Pittsburgh Youth Study | DSM-IV | Cohort | Cannabis use disorder, hard drug use disorder | No substance use disorder | 240 | 35.8 ± 0.8 | Male | 2010 | 10 | Persist in violence | Self-reports and official charges | Yes |
| Trauffer, 2017 (65) | US | A cohort study in which children were followed into adulthood | DSM-III-R | Cohort | Drug abuse and, or dependence | Non–drug abuse/dependence | 413 | 29.6± 3.9 | Female | 2014 | 28 | Violent offender | Official records | Yes |
| Harford, 2018 (54) | US | National Survey on Drug Use and Health | DSM-IV | Case-control | Any drug use disorder | Non–drug use | 314,881 | ≥18 | Mixed | 2008–2015 | N/A | Other-directed violence | Self-report | Yes |
| Harford, 2018 (67) | US | The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol Related Conditions-III | DSM-V | Case-control | Cannabis, opioid, other drug use disorder | Non–drug use | 36,309 | ≥18 | Mixed | 2012–2013 | N/A | Other-directed violence | Self-report | Yes |
| Altintas, 2019 (71) | Turkey | Outpatients | DSM-IV | Case-control | Synthetic cannabinoid use disorders | Healthy volunteers without substance use disorders | 130 | 28.2 ± 7.6 | Mixed | Not stated | N/A | Aggression | Self-report | No |
Abbreviations: DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; N/A, not available; WHO-CIDI; World Health Organization’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
a Non–drug, non–drug use disorder, and non–drug addicts served as a control group and they refer to people who might have used drugs before but did not meet diagnostic criteria for any drug use disorders. “Healthy volunteers without substance use disorders” refers to healthy volunteers without drug or alcohol use disorders.