Table 2.
Risk Estimates for Violence in Drug Use Disorders According to Sample or Study Characteristics, Multiple Countries, 1990–2019
| Source of Heterogeneity | No. of Studies | No. in Population | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 4 | 43,976 | 3.9 | 1.7, 8.9 |
| Female | 4 | 800 | 2.2 | 1.8, 2.7 |
| Mixed | 11 | 546,635 | 5.4 | 4.1, 7.0 |
| Study location | ||||
| United States | 14 | 542,393 | 4.2 | 2.9, 6.1 |
| Other high-income counties | 3 | 48,888 | 7.1 | 4.1, 12.2 |
| US study locations | ||||
| National | 8 | 533,339 | 4.4 | 2.9, 6.1 |
| Region-based | 6 | 9,054 | 3.9 | 2.0, 7.6 |
| Measures of outcome | ||||
| Self-reported outcome | 12 | 546,877 | 4.6 | 3.0, 7.2 |
| Others’ report/official records | 3 | 43,962 | 3.2 | 1.3, 7.8 |
| Combined measures | 3 | 572 | 4.4 | 1.3, 14.5 |
| Temporality in cohort studies | ||||
| Drug prior to violence | 4 | 85,105 | 3.8 | 1.6, 9.1 |
| Others | 6 | 26,764 | 2.6 | 1.6, 4.3 |
| Study design | ||||
| Cohort study | 10 | 111,869 | 2.7 | 2.1, 3.5 |
| Case-control study | 8 | 473,850 | 6.6 | 5.1, 8.6 |
| Years of follow-up | ||||
| <9.5 years | 5 | 67485 | 1.9 | 1.5, 2.4 |
| ≥9.5 years | 5 | 44384 | 4.5 | 2.2, 9.1 |
| sample size | ||||
| <500 | 8 | 1503 | 2.6 | 2.0, 3.4 |
| ≥500 | 8 | 166285 | 5.1 | 2.9, 9.2 |
| Violent outcome | ||||
| Intimate partner violence | 4 | 31,621 | 1.7 | 1.4, 2.1 |
| Intimate partner violence with general controls | 2 | 31,325 | 1.8 | 0.8, 4.2 |
| General violence | 14 | 559,790 | 5.7 | 3.8, 8.6 |
| Clinical criteria | ||||
| DSM-III (Revision) | 5 | 14,901 | 5.7 | 2.5, 13.0 |
| DSM-IV (Text Revision) | 10 | 491,106 | 3.4 | 2.0, 6.0 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; OR, odds ratio.