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. 2021 Feb 11;18:42. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-02052-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Oxidized Hb induces a pro-inflammatory response. mRNA expression and protein secretion of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, iNOS (a), TNFα (b), CCL5 (c), CCL2 (d), HO-1 (e), and lipocalin-2 (f) were investigated following exposure of mixed glial cell cultures to pure Hb-metabolites (oxyHb 2.5 mg/ml, dark gray bar, n = 4; oxidized Hb 2.5 mg/ml, light gray bar, n = 4) or culture medium only (control, white bar, n = 4). Results are presented as box plots displaying medians and 25th and 75th percentiles. Differences between oxyHb vs. control, oxidized Hb vs control, and oxidized Hb vs oxyHb were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by pairwise comparison with significance values adjusted for multiple comparisons. *P < 0.05