Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to gender and glycaemic category
| Previously known diabetes | Newly detected dysglycaemia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n = 1342) | Men (n = 3454) | P-value | Women (n = 1049) | Men (n = 2980) | P-valuea | ||
| Age (years) | 66.6 (8.7) | 64.6 (8.9) | < 0.0001 | 66.8 (8.9) | 64.0 (9.6) | < 0.0001 | |
| Low educational level | 24.5 (324/1323) | 16.1 (548/3401) | < 0.0001 | 19.9 (208/1046) | 15.4 (456/2960) | 0.0010 | |
| Currently smoking | 16.1 (216/1342) | 29.0 (1002/3454) | < 0.0001 | 22.1 (232/1049) | 33.1 (987/2980) | < 0.0001 | |
| Persistent smoking | 53.7 (116/216) | 53.0 (531/1002) | 0.88 | 48.3 (112/232) | 44.9 (443/987) | 0.38 | |
| Physical activity level on target | 45.8 (594/1297) | 55.2 (1852/3358) | < 0.0001 | 51.5 (528/1026) | 57.0 (1665/2922) | 0.0024 | |
| Medical history | |||||||
| Hypertension | 87.2 (1158/1328) | 79.5 (2712/3410) | < 0.0001 | 80.8 (841/1041) | 73.7 (2172/2947) | < 0.0001 | |
| Dyslipidaemia | 78.4 (1011/1289) | 75.0 (2496/3327) | 0.016 | 75.0 (766/1021) | 68.9 (1977/2869) | 0.00023 | |
| Anthropometrics—vitals | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.6 (5.9) | 30.1 (4.8) | 0.0001 | 29.8 (5.5) | 29.0 (4.3) | 0.0023 | |
| Obesity | 57.7 (754/1306) | 45.6 (1550/3396) | 0.0001 | 43.9 (460/1048) | 36.6 (1089/2977) | < 0.0001 | |
| Central obesity | 86.7 (1080/1246) | 63.6 (2077/3266) | < 0.0001 | 77.3 (789/1021) | 54.2 (1577/2909) | < 0.0001 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.3 (20.3) | 137.2 (18.9) | 0.18 | 134.4 (19.5) | 134.2 (18.6) | 0.99 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.3 (11.6) | 80.1 (11.0) | 0.036 | 79.3 (11.3) | 80.3 (11.0) | 0.0011 | |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 70.9 (11.2) | 68.8 (11.1) | < 0.0001 | 69.1 (11.1) | 67.9 (11.4) | 0.0018 | |
| Laboratory central assessment | |||||||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.52 (1.04) | 2.21 (0.90) | < 0.0001 | 2.76 (1.08) | 2.46 (0.91) | < 0.0001 | |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.15 (0.31) | 1.03 (0.26) | < 0.0001 | 1.29 (0.31) | 1.12 (0.26) | < 0.0001 | |
| Total C (mmol/L) | 4.56 (1.38) | 4.08 (1.14) | < 0.0001 | 4.74 (1.22) | 4.31 (1.10) | < 0.0001 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.99 (1.66) | 1.91 (1.56) | 0.0005 | 1.55 (0.81) | 1.62 (1.05) | 0.83 | |
| FPG (mmol/L) | n.a | n.a | n.a | 6.53 (0.97) | 6.63 (1.08) | 0.0072 | |
| 2 h-PG (mmol/L) | n.a | n.a | n.a | 9.81 (2.37) | 9.65 (2.51) | 0.070 | |
| HbA1c (NGSP, %)—(IFCC, mmol/mol)b | 7.36 (1.70)—57 | 7.07 (1.49)—54 | < 0.0001 | 5.80 (0.46)—40 | 5.79 (0.56)—40 | 0.014 | |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 85.3 (53.7) | 97.9 (53.2) | < 0.0001 | 78.0 (28.5) | 93.4 (37.5) | < 0.0001 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 89.2 (24.5) | 76.9 (21.2) | < 0.0001 | 93.9 (20.2) | 78.5 (18.1) | < 0.0001 | |
| Pharmacological treatment | |||||||
| RAAS blockers | 80.5 (1070/1329) | 79.7 (2723/3418) | 0.55 | 72.8 (759/1042) | 76.0 (2251/2963) | 0.046 | |
| Beta blockers | 85.7 (1138/1328) | 83.7 (2860/3419) | 0.084 | 83.3 (869/1043) | 82.5 (2444/2964) | 0.54 | |
| Antiaggregants | 93.7 (1242/1325) | 93.1 (3184/3419) | 0.48 | 91.3 (952/1043) | 92.6 (2747/2965) | 0.16 | |
| Lipid lowering | 83.7 (1112/1329) | 87.6 (2991/3414) | 0.00046 | 83.2 (866/1041) | 85.7 (2540/2963) | 0.055 | |
| Statins | 82.5 (1097/1329) | 86.5 (2952/3414) | 0.00071 | 82.1 (855/1041) | 85.0 (2519/2963) | 0.030 | |
| Ezetimibe | 3.1 (41/1329) | 3.1 (105/3419) | 1.00 | 2.2 (23/1043) | 2.5 (75/2966) | 0.64 | |
| All four above | 58.6 (775/1323) | 58.9 (2009/3413) | 0.87 | 52.0 (541/1040) | 55.0 (1628/2960) | 0.10 | |
| Diuretics | 48.2 (640/1329) | 41.5 (1420/3418) | < 0.0001 | 37.2 (388/1042) | 29.3 (869/2964) | < 0.0001 | |
| Glucose-lowering drugs | 92.7 (1244/1342) | 91.6 (3162/3451) | 0.24 | n.a | n.a | n.a | |
| Antidepressant/antianxiety drugs | 9.6 (128/1330) | 7.1 (224/3418) | 0.004 | 9.8 (102/1042) | 5.2 (155/2963) | < 0.0001 | |
| Advice on lifestyle changes | |||||||
| Stop smoking | 83.7 (169/202) | 86.2 (833/966) | 0.38 | 84.9 (191/225) | 84.5 (792/937) | 1.00 | |
| Healthy diet | 91.2 (1105/1212) | 89.4 (2849/3186) | 0.093 | 83.6 (806/964) | 85.8 (2347/2734) | 0.10 | |
| Weight loss | 72.8 (929/1276) | 74.0 (2463/3327) | 0.41 | 63.9 (647/1012) | 67.4 (1953/2898) | 0.049 | |
| Increase physical activity | 59.7 (762/1277) | 65.6 (2176/3315) | 0.00018 | 58.8 (597/1016) | 63.3 (1821/2879) | 0.012 | |
| Actions taken to change lifestyle | |||||||
| Stop smoking | 79.7 (165/207) | 76.0 (728/958) | 0.28 | 85.8 (193/225) | 82.0 (769/938) | 0.20 | |
| Healthy diet | 89.9 (1064/1183) | 89.1 (2809/3152) | 0.47 | 90.1 (858/952) | 89.0 (2385/2679) | 0.36 | |
| Weight loss | 58.8 (741/1260) | 61.3 (2021/3299) | 0.14 | 58.0 (583/1006) | 60.1 (1720/2861) | 0.23 | |
| Increase physical activity | 25.0 (301/1203) | 33.5 (1065/3183) | < 0.0001 | 32.3 (307/ 951) | 40.2 (1100/2738) | < 0.0001 | |
| Attended a CPRP | 27.0 (355/1315) | 33.7 (1147/3404) | < 0.0001 | 32.1 (332/1035) | 35.7 (1052/2943) | 0.034 | |
| Attended a DEP | 25.8 (314/1217) | 26.0 (809/3116) | 0.94 | n.a | n.a | n.a | |
| Quality of life assessment | |||||||
| EQ-5D VAS score | 56.1 (26.3) | 60.6 (27.5) | < 0.0001 | 59.2 (27.1) | 63.4 (27.7) | < 0.0001 | |
| HeartQoL Global score | 1.79 (0.72) | 2.14 (0.67) | < 0.0001 | 1.97 (0.70) | 2.27 (0.62) | < 0.0001 | |
| HeartQoL Physical score | 1.81 (0.74) | 2.17 (0.70) | < 0.0001 | 2.00 (0.72) | 2.31 (0.64) | < 0.0001 | |
| HeartQoL Emotional score | 1.73 (0.78) | 2.08 (0.72) | < 0.0001 | 1.91 (0.77) | 2.18 (0.69) | < 0.0001 | |
Cell entries are % (n/total number) or mean (SD)
Italic values indicate statistically significant p-values
2 h-PG 2-h post-load glucose, BMI Body Mass Index, CPRP Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation Programme, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DEP diabetes educational programme, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, EQ-5D EuroQol 5D Questionnaire, FG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, Heart QoL Heart Quality of Life, IFCC International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NGSP National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, SBP systolic blood pressure, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, Total C total cholesterol, VAS visual analogue scale
asignificance level for testing differences between men and women in each diagnostic group
bmean HbA1c levels were converted using the NGSP calculator at http://www.ngsp.org/convert1.asp