Table 3.
Associations with > 12 months and past 12 months dental service utilisation (DSU) (with never DSU as reference category)
| Variable | Dental service utilisation | Dental service utilisation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| > 12 months | ≤ 12 months | > 12 months | ≤ 12 months | |
| CRRR (95% CI) | CRRR (95% CI) | ARRR (95% CI) | ARRR (95% CI) | |
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Age group (in years) | ||||
| 18–34 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| 35–49 | 2.31 (1.94, 2.75)*** | 1.76 (1.43, 2.17)*** | 1.89 (1.52, 2.36)*** | 1.00 (0.77, 1.32) |
| 50–69 | 3.36 (2.77, 4.08)*** | 2.30 (1.84, 2.89)*** | 2.51 (1.90, 3.30)*** | 1.28 (0.92, 1.78) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Male | 0.59 (0.49, 0.70)*** | 0.53 (0.39, 0.52)*** | 0.73 (0.58, 0.93)** | 0.77 (0.57, 1.03) |
| Education | ||||
| Cannot write nor read | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Primary or less | 1.32 (1.09, 1.60)** | 1.63 (1.29, 2.06)*** | 1.47 (1.16, 1.87)** | 2.19 (1.62. 2.95)*** |
| More than primary | 3.30 (2.54, 4.30)*** | 3.93 (1.97, 5.22)*** | 2.45 (1.81, 3.32)*** | 3.37 (2.40, 4.74)*** |
| Household income | ||||
| ≤ 500 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| ≤ 1000 | 1.60 (1.24, 2.06)*** | 1.22 (0.91, 1.63) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.38) | 0.63 (0.43, 0.93)* |
| ≤ 2000 | 3.34 (2.47, 4.52)*** | 2.30 (1.70, 3.11)*** | 1.82 (1.30, 2.55)*** | 0.88 (0.58, 1.34) |
| > 2000 | 5.45 (3.60, 8.24)*** | 4.78 (3.17, 7.23)*** | 2.25 (1.47, 3.43)*** | 1.51 (0.85, 2.67) |
| Do not know | 0.54 (0.38, 0.76)*** | 0.56 (0.36, 0.86)** | 0.50 (0.33, 0.75)*** | 0.41 (0.23, 0.73)** |
| Enabling factors | ||||
| Urban residence | 3.40 (2.53, 4.56)*** | 3.63 (2.72, 4.85)*** | 1.93 (1.47, 2.55)*** | 1.71 (1.23, 2.37)*** |
| Advised to not smoke by health care worker | 0.93 (0.67, 1.30) | 1.56 (1.08, 2.27)* | 0.73 (0.51, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.57) |
| Ever screened for blood pressure | 4.09 (3.34, 5.02)*** | 4.48 (3.54, 5.67)*** | 2.04 (1.62, 2.57)*** | 2.09 (1.52, 2.86)*** |
| Ever screened for glucose | 4.40 (3.58, 5.41)*** | 5.18 (4.11, 6.54)*** | 1.20 (0.91, 1.59) | 1.35 (1.00, 1.84) |
| Ever screened for cholesterol | 3.49 (2.46, 4.96)*** | 3.90 (2.76, 5.52)*** | 1.06 (0.72, 1.54) | 1.24 (0.80, 1.92) |
| Health and lifestyle factors | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.68 (1.44, 1.97)*** | 1.44 (1.17, 1.75)** | 1.07 (0.87, 1.30) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.31) |
| Raised total cholesterol | 2.63 (2.13, 3.23)*** | 2.66 (2.04, 3.49)*** | 1.32 (1.02, 1.70)* | 1.49 (1.05, 2.12)* |
| Diabetes | 3.04 (2.22, 4.16)*** | 2.43 (1.65, 3.57)*** | 1.14 (0.79, 1.65) | 0.95 (0.59, 1.54) |
| Overweight/obesity | 2.79 (2.33, 3.35)*** | 2.73 (2.21, 3.38)*** | 1.27 (1.06, 1.55)* | 1.32 (0.97, 1.78) |
| Teeth cleaning (≥ twice/day) | 0.48 (0.35, 0.64)*** | 0.42 (0.31, 0.58)*** | 0.75 (0.60, 0.94)* | 0.78 (0.56, 1.08) |
| Uses toothpaste | 3.09 (0.25, 4.24)*** | 3.76 (2.34, 6.03)*** | 1.88 (1.18, 2.76)*** | 1.62 (0.94, 2.78) |
| Tobacco smoking | ||||
| Never | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Past | 1.46 (1.04, 2.04)* | 1.36 (0.94, 1.96) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.39) | |
| Current | 1.04 (0.78, 1.39) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.53) | 1.02 (0.67, 1.57) | |
| Current smokeless tobacco use | 1.03 (0.74, 1.43) | 0.96 (0.65, 1.42) | – | – |
| Fruit/vegetable intake (< 5 servings/day) | 0.63 (0.45, 0.90)** | 0.64 (0.42, 0.96)* | 1.13 (0.75, 1.70) | 1.16 (0.65, 2.06) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Moderate | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.35) | 0.80 (0.59, 1.09) | 0.78 (0.55, 1.11) |
| High | 0.56 (0.45, 0.69)*** | 0.67 (0.51, 0.88)** | 0.73 (0.56, 0.95)* | 0.66 (0.46, 0.95)* |
| Need factors | ||||
| Poor self-rated oral health | 3.39 (2.82, 4.08)*** | 5.29 (4.32, 6.49)*** | 1.71 (1.35, 2.17)*** | 1.71 (1.29, 2.27)*** |
| Pain in teeth/mouth (past year) | 3.08 (2.51, 3.77)*** | 15.08 (11.79, 19.28)*** | 1.88 (1.41, 2.51)*** | 7.63 (5.58, 10.45)*** |
| Teeth (≥ 20) | 0.48 (0.35, 0.64)*** | 0.42 (0.31, 0.58)*** | 0.53 (0.38, 0.73)*** | 0.48 (0.32, 0.71)*** |
| OHI chewing | 2.74 (2.23, 3.37)*** | 8.04 (6.44, 10.06)*** | 1.26 (0.92, 1.73) | 1.95 (1.38, 2.75)*** |
| OHI embarrassed | 2.43 (1.65, 3.56)*** | 5.12 (3.48, 7.55)*** | 0.96 (0.61, 1.53) | 1.21 (0.73, 1.98) |
| OHI not work | 1.85 (1.37, 2.50)*** | 3.41 (2.44, 4.78)*** | 1.50 (1.05, 2.13)* | 2.06 (1.31, 3.23)** |
OHI = Oral Health Impact; CRRR = Crude Relative Risk Ratios; ARRR = Adjusted Relative Risk Ratios
***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05