FIGURE 4.

H‐VLNs alleviated inflammation and liver damage in GalN/LPS‐challenged mice. [8‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with solvent PBS or H‐VLNs at the dose of 0.3 × 10¹⁰/g in PBS. 48 h later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with a mixture of GalN/LPS and sacrificed after 6 h for analysis. a. Representative image of whole mouse livers. b. Representative images of H&E staining of mouse livers. c. Serum levels of liver injury markers AST and ALT. d. Serum levels of cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18. e. Expression of inflammatory genes in mouse livers. f. Immunoblot analysis of mouse livers. In the bar graphs, each dot represents one mouse. Data were presented as mean ± SEM. N = 8/group. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 relative to mice challenged with GalN/LPS + PBS (bar with black dots)].