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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2020 Nov 25;16(12):1185–1204. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2021.1847084

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Summary of key therapeutic strategies investigated for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19-CSS and ARDS. Model of an inflammatory feed-forward loop in immune cells (e.g. lung-infiltrating monocytes and macrophages) in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection that results in exuberant cytokine production and cytokine storm. Drugs currently investigated for the treatment or prevention of severe COVID-19 and their respective targets are shown. Catecholamine and cytokine feed-forward loops are shown in magenta and green, respectively. α-1 AR: α-1 adrenergic receptor. BTK: Bruton tyrosine kinase. C5: Complement factor 5. IFN: interferon. IKK: I kappa B kinase. IL: interleukin. IRAK: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase. JAK: Janus kinase. NFκB: Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. R: receptor. STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription. TNF: tumor necrosis factor.