Table 2. Associations Between Race/Ethnicity Zip Code Cluster (N = 673) and Store Type and Product Availability, Los Angeles County, California, 2016–2017.
| Regressors | Menthol Cigarette Retail Marketing Outcomes, OR (95% CI) [P Value]a
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Cigarettes | Any Menthol Cigarettes | Newport Cigarettes | Blu Menthol Disposable E-Cigarettes |
|
| Univariable modelb | ||||
| Race/ethnicity zip code cluster | ||||
| Black/African American | Reference | |||
| Korean American | 1.55 (0.31–7.81) [.60] | 1.02 (0.34–3.08) [.97] | 0.57 (0.20–1.61) [.29] | 0.94 (0.51–1.76) [.85] |
| Hispanic | — | 0.79 (0.33–1.88) [.60] | 0.21 (0.09–0.47) [<.001] | 0.57 (0.32–1.01) [.05] |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.20 (0.36–4.00) [.77] | 0.99 (0.40–2.45) [.99] | 0.19 (0.09–0.42) [<.001] | 2.06 (1.29–3.28) [.003] |
| Store type | ||||
| Gasoline/convenience store | Reference | |||
| Liquor store | 1.82 (0.22–15.45) [.58] | 2.28 (0.54–9.71) [.26] | 0.53 (0.17–1.62) [.26] | 0.40 (0.22–0.75) [.004] |
| Grocery store | 1.60 (0.37–6.82) [.53] | 0.59 (0.27–1.28) [.18] | 0.15 (0.05–0.45) [.001] | 0.09 (0.04–0.21) [<.001] |
| Discount store | 0.70 (0.10–4.95) [.72] | 0.44 (0.13–1.43) [.17] | 0.20 (0.07–0.58) [.003] | 0.27 (0.09–0.77) [.01] |
| Tobacco-focused store | 0.20 (0.06–0.66) [.01] | 0.42 (0.16–1.12) [.08] | 0.21 (0.08–0.56) [.002] | 1.41 (0.79–2.54) [.25] |
| Otherc | — | 0.67 (0.12–2.57) [.46] | 0.11 (0.04–0.33) [<.001] | 0.24 (0.07–0.87) [.03] |
| Multivariable modeld | ||||
| Race/ethnicity zip code cluster | ||||
| Black/African American | Reference | |||
| Korean American | 1.45 (0.20–10.76) [.71] | 1.01 (0.32–3.16) [.98] | 0.61 (0.23–1.65) [.33] | 1.10 (0.47–2.61) [.82] |
| Hispanic | — | 0.78 (0.34–1.79) [.59] | 0.21 (0.09–0.53) [.001] | 0.67 (0.37–1.22) [.19] |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.41 (0.52–3.86) [.50] | 0.93 (0.44–1.97) [.89] | 0.12 (0.05–0.31) [<.001] | 1.62 (0.96–2.72) [.07] |
| Store type | ||||
| Gasoline/convenience store | Reference | |||
| Liquor store | 1.84 (0.22–15.25) [.57] | 2.26 (0.53–9.64) [.27] | 0.57 (0.20–1.64) [.30] | 0.40 (0.22–0.73) [.003] |
| Grocery store | 1.34 (0.28–6.40) [.72] | 0.61 (0.27–1.35) [.22] | 0.13 (0.03–0.38) [<.001] | 0.10 (0.04–0.24) [<.001] |
| Discount store | 0.63 (0.08–5.07) [.66] | 0.44 (0.13–0.51) [.19] | 0.15 (0.05–0.43) [<.001] | 0.32 (0.11–0.91) [.03] |
| Tobacco-focused store | 0.24 (0.08–0.72) [.01] | 0.41 (0.16–1.04) [.06] | 0.25 (0.10–0.60) [.002] | 1.25 (0.70–2.25) [.45] |
| Otherd | — | 0.56 (0.12–2.54) [.45] | 0.13 (0.05–0.35) [<.001] | 0.22 (0.06–0.82) [.02] |
Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio; —, not applicable.
a
Multilevel binary logistic regression models for each binary outcome. Values refer to single packs.
b
Univariable models including individual race/ethnicity zip code cluster and store type regressor, separately. Unadjusted associations between each regressor and outcomes of retail marketing of menthol cigarettes are shown.
c
Includes donut shop and gas kiosk.
d
Multivariable model including race/ethnicity zip code cluster and store type regressors simultaneously. Adjusted associations between each regressor and outcomes of menthol cigarette retail marketing are shown.