Table 4. Associations Between Racial/Ethnic Zip Code Cluster (N = 673) and Store Type and Product Price, Los Angeles, California, 2016–2017.
| Regressors | Menthol Cigarette Retail Marketing Outcomesa
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blu Menthol Disposable E-Cigarettes |
Newport Menthol Cigarettes | Cheapest Menthol Cigarettes | Cheapest Any Cigarettes | |
| Univariable modelb | ||||
| Race/ethnicity zip code cluster | ||||
| Black/African American | Reference | |||
| Korean American | −0.98 (−1.92 to 0.04) [.04] | 0.47 (0.28 to 0.66) [<.001] | 0.25 (−0.03 to 0.52) [.08] | 0.34 (0.13 to 0.54) [.002] |
| Hispanic | −0.18 (−1.07 to 0.70) [.68] | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.52) [<.001] | 0.48 (0.26 to 0.71) [<.001] | 0.38 (0.21 to 0.55) [<.001] |
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.40 (−0.28 to 1.09) [.25] | 0.33 (0.17 to 0.50) [<.001] | 0.53 (0.31 to 0.76) [<.001] | 0.39 (0.22 to 0.56) [<.001] |
| Store type | ||||
| Gasoline/convenience store | Reference | |||
| Liquor store | 0.39 (−0.36 to 1.14) [.31] | 0.11 (−0.08 to 0.30) [.26] | −0.08 (−0.36 to 0.19) [.55] | −0.03 (−0.24 to 0.19) [.81] |
| Grocery store | −1.07 (−2.25 to 0.12) [.08] | 0.31 (0.15 to 0.47) [<.001] | 0.50 (0.27 to 0.73) [<.001] | 0.35 (0.18 to 0.53) [<.001] |
| Discount store | −0.25 (−0.91 to 0.42) [.47] | −0.09 (−0.28 to 0.10) [.35] | 0.19 (−0.10 to 0.48) [.21] | 0.01 (−0.20 to 0.20) [.98] |
| Tobacco-focused store | 0.43 (−0.55 to 1.42) [.39] | −0.43 (−0.58 to 0.27) [<.001] | −0.49 (−0.78 to 0.20) [.001] | −0.50 (−0.71 to 0.29) [<.001] |
| Otherc | 0.62 (0.01 to 1.24) [.04] | 0.42 (0.13 to 0.70) [.005] | 1.21 (0.81 to 1.61) [<.001] | 0.73 (0.39 to 1.07) [<.001] |
| Multivariable modeld | ||||
| Race/ethnicity zip code cluster | ||||
| Black/African American | Reference | |||
| Korean American | −1.14 (−2.02 to 0.26) [.01] | 0.42 (0.24 to 0.60) [<.001] | 0.20 (−0.03 to 0.42) [.08] | 0.29 (0.12 to 0.46) [.001] |
| Hispanic | −0.17 (−1.01 to 0.66) [.69] | 0.27 (0.07 to 0.47) [.008] | 0.39 (0.18 to 0.60) [<.001] | 0.28 (0.12 to 0.45) [.001] |
| Non-Hispanic White | 0.22 (−0.72 to 1.15) [.65] | 0.38 (0.16 to0.60) [.001] | 0.64 (0.33 to 0.96) [<.001] | 0.46 (0.21 to 0.71) [<.001] |
| Store type | ||||
| Gasoline/convenience store | Reference | |||
| Liquor store | 0.33 (−0.35 to 1.00) [.34] | 0.11 (−0.08 to 0.29) [.27] | −0.07 (−0.35 to 0.20) [.60] | −0.03 (−0.24 to 0.19) [.82] |
| Grocery store | −0.76 (−2.23 to 0.71) [.31] | 0.33 (0.17 to 0.49) [<.001] | 0.54 (0.31 to 0.77) [<.001] | 0.38 (0.20 to 0.56) [<.001] |
| Discount store | −0.26 (−2.21 to 1.68) [.79] | −0.06 (−0.24 to 0.13) [.54] | 0.27 (−0.04 to 0.57) [.09] | 0.05 (−0.17 to 0.26) [.66] |
| Tobacco-focused store | 0.36 (−0.61 to 1.33) [.47] | −0.42 (−0.57 to 0.27) [<.001] | −0.50 (−0.78 to 0.21) [.001] | −0.50 (−0.71 to 0.29) [<.001] |
| Otherc | 1.25 (−0.23 to 2.73) [.10] | 0.42 (0.12 to 0.71) [.006] | 1.19 (0.80 to 1.60) [<.001] | 0.72 (0.37 to 1.06) [<.001] |
a
Multilevel regression models for each continuous outcome. Values are b (95% CI) [P value] and refer to single packs.
b
Univariable models including individual racial/ethnic zip code cluster and store type regressor, separately. Unadjusted associations between each regressor and menthol cigarette retail marketing outcomes are shown.
c
Includes donut shops and gas kiosks.
d
Multivariable model including racial/ethnic zip code cluster and store type regressors simultaneously. Adjusted associations between each regressor and outcomes of menthol cigarette retail marketing are shown.