Table 2.

Performance (Areas under the Curves with 95%CIs) of 29 models for prediction of prevalent or undiagnosed T2DM, for the total population and stratified by the ethnic groups in HELIUS.

Study	Ethnic group
	Internal validation AUC	Total population	Dutch	South Asian Surinamese	AfricanSurinamese	Ghanaian	Turkish	Moroccan
Asian models
Chaturvedi et al. 2008	0.72	0.80 (0.79–0.81)	0.83 (0.81–0.86)	0.78 (0.76–0.80)	0.75 (0.72–0.77)	0.73 (0.69–0.76)	0.82 (0.79–0.84)	0.83 (0.82–0.85)
Chien et al. 2010	0.71	0.82 (0.81–0.83)	0.86 (0.81–0.91)	0.80 (0.78–0.82)	0.79 (0.76–0.81)	0.76 (0.72–0.80)	0.86 (0.83–0.88)	0.83 (0.81–0.86)
Dong et al. 2011	0.82	0.88 (0.87–0.88)	0.91 (0.89–0.94)	0.89 (0.87–0.90)	0.89 (0.87–0.91)	0.84 (0.81–0.88)	0.92 (0.90–0.94)	0.93 (0.92–0.94)
Dugee et al. 2015	0.76	0.81 (0.80–0.82)	0.81 (0.79–0.84)	0.83 (0.81–0.84)	0.79 (0.77–0.81)	0.76 (0.73–0.79)	0.82 (0.80–0.84)	0.82 (0.80–0.84)
Gao et al. 2010
men	0.64	0.80 (0.79–0.82)	0.85 (0.81–0.88)	0.79 (0.76–0.82)	0.78 (0.74–0.82)	0.72 (0.67–0.78)	0.82 (0.78–0.85)	0.81 (0.78–0.85)
women	0.69	0.85 (0.84–0.86)	0.92 (0.89–0.96)	0.80 (0.77–0.83)	0.82 (0.79–0.85)	0.82 (0.78–0.86)	0.86 (0.83–0.88)	0.87 (0.85–0.89)
Hao zhou et al. 2017	0.72	0.82 (0.81–0.83)	0.87 (0.84–0.89)	0.79 (0.77–0.81)	0.79 (0.77–0.81)	0.74 (0.70–0.78)	0.83 (0.81–0.85)	0.83 (0.81–0.85)
Heianza et al. 2013	0.77	0.79 (0.78–0.80)	0.85 (0.82–0.87)	0.78 (0.76–0.81)	0.74 (0.72–0.77)	0.72 (0.68–0.76)	0.79 (0.76–0.81)	0.83 (0.81–0.85)
Keesukphan et al. 2007	0.74	0.76 (0.75–0.77)	0.81 (0.77–0.84)	0.74 (0.72–0.77)	0.73 (0.70–0.76)	0.70 (0.65–0.74)	0.77 (0.74–0.80)	0.77 (0.75–0.80)
Lee et al. 2012	0.73	0.75 (0.74–0.76)	0.79 (0.76–0.82)	0.73 (0.71–0.75)	0.71 (0.69–0.74)	0.71 (0.67–0.75)	0.75 (0.72–0.77)	0.77 (0.75–0.79)
Pongchaiyakul et al. 2011
men	0.70	0.74 (0.72–0.75)	0.81 (0.77–0.85)	0.72 (0.68–0.75)	0.73 (0.69–0.77)	0.67 (0.61–0.74)	0.75 (0.71–0.79)	0.76 (0.73–0.80)
women	0.77	0.78 (0.76–0.79)	0.83 (0.78–0.89)	0.75 (0.72–0.79)	0.73 (0.70–0.77)	0.70 (0.64–0.76)	0.82 (0.79–0.85)	0.79 (0.77–0.82)
Wang et al. 2013	0.74	0.76 (0.75–0.77)	0.84 (0.81–0.86)	0.73 (0.71–0.75)	0.76 (0.74–0.78)	0.71 (0.68–0.73)	0.78 (0.76–0.80)	0.78 (0.76–0.80)
Xie et al. 2010
men	0.71	0.73 (0.71–0.74)	0.80 (0.76–0.84)	0.70 (0.66–0.73)	0.75 (0.70–0.79)	0.70 (0.64–0.77)	0.73 (0.69–0.77)	0.73 (0.69–0.77)
women	0.73	0.81 (0.79–0.82)	0.88 (0.84–0.93)	0.76 (0.73–0.79)	0.76 (0.72–0.79)	0.72 (0.66–0.77)	0.82 (0.79–0.85)	0.84 (0.82–0.87)
Zhou et al. 2013	0.75	0.80 (0.79–0.81)	0.88 (0.86–0.91)	0.81 (0.79–0.83)	0.80 (0.77–0.82)	0.76 (0.72–0.79)	0.85 (0.83–0.87)	0.86 (0.84–0.87)
Caucasian models
Al Khalaf et al. 2010	0.82	0.81 (0.80–0.82)	0.85 (0.82–0.88)	0.78 (0.76–0.80)	0.78 (0.76–0.81)	0.76 (0.72–0.80)	0.83 (0.80–0.85)	0.81 (0.79–0.83)
Al-Lawati et al. 2007	0.83	0.81 (0.80–0.82)	0.85 (0.82–0.88)	0.78 (0.76–0.80)	0.77 (0.74–0.79)	0.74 (0.72–0.79)	0.81 (0.79–0.84)	0.83 (0.80–0.85)
Baan et al. 1999	0.74	0.82 (0.81–0.83)	0.87 (0.85–0.89)	0.82 (0.81–0.84)	0.81 (0.79–0.82)	0.75 (0.72–0.78)	0.83 (0.81–0.85)	0.86 (0.84–0.87)
Barengo et al. 2016	0.72	0.76 (0.75–0.77)	0.79 (0.77–0.80)	0.75 (0.74–0.77)	0.75 (0.73–0.76)	0.70 (0.68–0.72)	0.76 (0.74–0.78)	0.78 (0.77–0.80)
Berber et al. 2001
men	NS	0.77 (0.75–0.78)	0.82 (0.78–0.86)	0.78 (0.76–0.81)	0.73 (0.69–0.78)	0.65 (0.58–0.71)	0.81 (0.77–0.84)	0.82 (0.79–0.85)
women	NS	0.82 (0.81–0.83)	0.90 (0.85–0.94)	0.79 (0.76–0.82)	0.77 (0.74–0.80)	0.74 (0.68–0.79)	0.86 (0.83–0.88)	0.86 (0.84–0.88)
Glümer et al. 2004	0.80	0.82 (0.81–0.83)	0.86 (0.83–0.89)	0.81 (0.79–0.83)	0.78 (0.76–0.81)	0.74 (0.70–0.78)	0.84 (0.82–0.86)	0.85 (0.84–0.87)
Gray et al. 2013	0.70	0.78 (0.77–0.78)	0.81 (0.79–0.82)	0.77 (0.76–0.79)	0.75 (0.74–0.77)	0.71 (0.69–0.73)	0.80 (0.79–0.82)	0.81 (0.80–0.83)
Gül et al. 2014	0.77	0.67 (0.66–0.68)	0.77 (0.73–0.81)	0.66 (0.64–0.68)	0.70 (0.67–0.72)	0.61 (0.57–0.65)	0.69 (0.67–0.72)	0.69 (0.67–0.72)
Multi-ethnic models
Bang et al. 2009	0.79	0.82 (0.81–0.83)	0.86 (0.84–0.89)	0.80 (0.77–0.82)	0.78 (0.75–0.80)	0.77 (0.73–0.80)	0.83 (0.81–0.85)	0.84 (0.82–0.86)
Gray et al. 2010	0.69	0.73 (0.72–0.74)	0.79 (0.77–0.80)	0.75 (0.74–0.77)	0.75 (0.74–0.77)	0.69 (0.67–0.72)	0.77 (0.75–0.78)	0.78 (0.77–0.80)
Gray et al. 2012	0.70	0.75 (0.74–0.76)	0.80 (0.78–0.81)	0.78 (0.77–0.80)	0.77 (0.76–0.79)	0.71 (0.70–0.73)	0.79 (0.78–0.81)	0.81 (0.80–0.83)
Pires de sousa et al. 2009	0.77	0.79 (0.78–0.80)	0.85 (0.82–0.88)	0.78 (0.76–0.80)	0.76 (0.73–0.78)	0.70 (0.65–0.74)	0.81 (0.79–0.84)	0.82 (0.80–0.84)

NS means Not stated.