Table 3.
Influenza vaccination studies examining antimicrobial use in adults.
| Reference (SIGN) | Design | Population | N | Mean age (range) in years | Season | Outcome description | Outcome |
Direction effect (−, −/+, +) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Outcome | 95% CI/p-value | ||||||||
| Hara (+) [28] | Non-randomized | Elderly | 237 | 80.4 (51–101) | Jan–Mar 1999 | Number of days of antimicrobials – oral | Decrease* | 42% | .10 | −/+ |
| Number of days of antimicrobials – injected | Decrease* | 66% | <.001 | + | ||||||
| Mustafa (+) [29] | Non-randomized | Adults | 1616 | NR | Feb–Mar 2000 | Received antimicrobials | VE | 66% | 54%–75% | + |
| Nichol (+) [30] | Non-randomized | Students | 12,796 | 25.2/23.3 | 2002–2006 | Antimicrobial use | OR | 0.54 | 0.32–0.90 | + |
| Qureshi (−) [32] | Non-randomized | Adults | 2070 | 45 | Feb–Apr 1999 | Antimicrobial use | VE | 41% | 28%–52% | + |
*Number of days (standard deviation) of antimicrobials – oral: vaccinated: 2.32 (4.60) versus unvaccinated 3.98 (7.35) and number of days of antimicrobials – injected: vaccinated: 2.55 (5.55) versus unvaccinated 7.52 (11.2); CI: confidence interval; NR: not reported; OR: odds ratio; SIGN: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; VE: vaccine effectiveness.