Table 7.
Influenza plus pneumococcal vaccination studies examining antimicrobial use.
| Reference (SIGN) | Design | Population | N | Median Age (range) | Season | Vaccine | Outcome description | Outcome |
Direction effect (−, −/+, +) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Outcome | 95% CI/ p-value | |||||||||
| Jansen (++) [20] | RCT | Children | 579* | 3.0 yrs (18–72 mo) | 2003–2005 | TIV + PCV7 | Antimicrobial prescriptions during influenza season | IRR | 0.73 | 0.40 to 1.32 | −/+ |
| 148 | 3.1 yrs (18–72 mo) | 2003–2005 | TIV + placebo | Antimicrobial prescriptions during influenza season | IRR | 0.89 | 0.50 to 1.61 | −/+ | |||
| Mahamat (−) [33] | Non-randomized | Elderly | 68,897 | 75.2 yrs (65–102 mo) | Oct–Dec 2004 | TIV + PPV23, TIV, PPV23 or none | Antimicrobial consumption | Difference** | – | NS | −/+ |
*N = 163,148 and 160 in TIV/PCV7, TIV + Placebo and Placebo-only groups respectively; **Not quantifiable, data presented in figures; CI: confidence interval; IRR: incidence rate ratio; mo: months; NS: not significant; PCV7: heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PPV23: 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SIGN: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; TIV: trivalent influenza vaccine; yrs: years.