Table 1 –
Participant demographics and cognitive test scores.
| Dyslexia M(SD) | Controls M(SD) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 32 | 22 | |
| Age (years) | 10.3 (1.4) | 10.5 (1.5) | .50 |
| Sex (male/female) | 17/15 | 11/11 | .82 |
| Handedness (right/non-right) | 28/4 | 22/0 | .08 |
| Ethnicity (%) | |||
| White | 63 | 64 | .93 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 6 | 4 | .79 |
| Mixed Race | 9 | 9 | .97 |
| Declined to State | 22 | 23 | .94 |
| Annual Household Income (%) | |||
| $60,000 – $249,000 | 28 | 50 | .10 |
| $250,000+ | 44 | 27 | .22 |
| Declined to State | 28 | 23 | .66 |
| Schooling (%) | |||
| Public | 6 | 46 | <.001 |
| Private | 91 | 36 | <.001 |
| Declined to State | 3 | 18 | .06 |
| WASI: Matrix Reasoning (raw score) | 24.1 (3.8) | 24.7 (4.9) | .64 |
| WASI: Matrix Reasoning (percentile) | 71.3 (21.7) | 74.4 (22.5) | .64 |
| TOWRE-2: Sight Word Efficiency Subscale (raw score) | 48.1 (17.5) | 71.4 (11.1) | <.001 |
| TOWRE-2: Sight Word Efficiency Subscale (percentile) | 15.7 (18.7) | 53.4 (26.5) | <.001 |
| TOWRE-2: Phonemic Decoding Efficiency Subscale (raw score) | 21.5 (11.6) | 38.8 (9.4) | <.001 |
| TOWRE-2: Phonemic Decoding Efficiency Subscale (percentile) | 12.7 (12.4) | 54.6 (23.3) | <.001 |
| Woodcock Johnson IV: Letter-Word Identification (raw score) | 50.7 (9.8) | N/A | N/A |
| Woodcock Johnson IV: Letter-Word Identification (percentile) | 29.4 (23.3) | N/A | N/A |
| Woodcock Johnson IV: Word Attack (raw score) | 18.8 (3.7) | N/A | N/A |
| Woodcock Johnson IV: Word Attack (percentile) | 32.6 (23.3) | ||
| GORT-5 Rate (raw score) | 20.8 (9.7) | N/A | N/A |
| GORT-5 Rate (percentile) | 21.2 (19.0) | ||
| GORT-5 Accuracy (raw score) | 15.3 (6.7) | N/A | N/A |
| GORT-5 Accuracy (percentile) | 11.6 (12.9) | ||
| GORT-5 Fluency (raw score) | 36.1 (15.1) | N/A | N/A |
| GORT-5 Fluency (percentile) | 14.2 (12.6) | ||
| GORT-5 Comprehension (raw score) | 23.8 (7.9) | N/A | N/A |
| GORT-5 Comprehension (percentile) | 25.7 (17.6) | N/A | N/A |
| BASC-2: Social Skills subscale (raw score) | 16.4(4.1) | N/A | N/A |
| BASC-2: Social Skills subscale (T-score) | 53.1 (8.7) | N/A | N/A |
| BASC-2: Anxiety subscale (raw score) | 10.0 (4.8) | N/A | N/A |
| BASC-2: Anxiety subscale (T-score) | 46.1 (8.3) | N/A | N/A |
| BASC-2: Depression subscale (raw score) | 4.1 (3.5) | N/A | N/A |
| BASC-2: Depression subscale (T-score) | 44.4 (9.4) | N/A | N/A |
T-tests and chi-square tests were used to determine whether there were significant differences between the groups. Cognitive scores are reported in percentiles; means (M) and standard deviations (SD) are presented unless otherwise noted. N/A = not applicable. Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2), Gray Oral Reading Test – Fifth Edition (GORT-5), Test of Word Reading Efficiency – Version 2 (TOWRE-2), and Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). Clinical measures including the BASC-2 (which was used here to assess social skills, anxiety, and depression) were not administered to parents of children in the control group. Additional measures of reading, beyond the TOWRE-2, were also not administered in the control sample in the interest of brevity and retention of participants.