Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of men and perimenopausal/postmenopausal women in KORA F4/FF4*
| Men (n=796) | Perimenopausal/postmenopausal women† (n=331) | |||||
| Non-cases‡ (n=604) | Cases‡ (n=192) | P value | Non-cases‡ (n=247) | Cases‡ (n=84) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 51.6 (12.2) | 58.5 (10.9) | <0.001 | 59.7 (8.5) | 62.4 (8.5) | 0.005 |
| Height (cm) | 177 (6.9) | 175 (6.9) | <0.001 | 161 (6.1) | 160 (6.4) | 0.068 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95 (89, 103) | 101 (95, 109) | <0.001 | 85 (78, 93) | 93 (88, 102) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.26 (0.87, 1.74) | 1.56 (1.07, 2.4) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.75, 1.39) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.78) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol | 4.17 (3.51, 5.00) | 4.54 (3.85, 5.47) | <0.001 | 3.60 (3.02, 4.19) | 4.10 (3.47, 4.78) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 28.6 | 50.0 | <0.001 | 28.3 | 52.3 | <0.001 |
| Statin use (%) | 6.9 | 17.7 | <0.001 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 0.957 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never (%) | 32.9 | 37.5 | 0.081 | 54.3 | 63.1 | 0.306 |
| Former (%) | 46.4 | 49.0 | 31.2 | 27.4 | ||
| Current (%) | 20.7 | 13.5 | 14.6 | 9.5 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| None (%) | 16.4 | 20.3 | 0.435 | 35.2 | 45.2 | 0.258 |
| Moderate (%) | 66.2 | 64.1 | 49.8 | 42.9 | ||
| High (%) | 17.4 | 15.6 | 14.9 | 11.9 | ||
| Physically active (%) | 59.6 | 57.3 | 0.629 | 63.9 | 51.2 | 0.052 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.85 (0.44, 1.78) | 1.28 (0.67, 2.28) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.53, 2.05) | 1.96 (1.02, 4.06) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | 92.1 (14.9) | 86.3 (13.3) | <0.001 | 86.2 (14.5) | 84.5 (14.7) | 0.354 |
| TSH (mIU/L) | 1.25 (0.87, 1.85) | 1.36 (0.91, 1.99) | 0.085 | 1.32 (0.87, 1.88) | 1.18 (0.75, 1.65) | 0.038 |
| Parental history of diabetes (%) | ||||||
| Both parents without diabetes | 65.9 | 48.9 | <0.001 | 60.3 | 47.6 | 0.091 |
| Unknown parental history | 14.1 | 26.6 | 16.2 | 17.8 | ||
| ≥1 parent with diabetes | 20.0 | 24.5 | 23.5 | 34.5 | ||
| 17-OHP (nmol/L) | 2.88 (2.12,3.94) | 2.51 (1.93, 3.52) | 0.002 | 0.77 (0.52, 1.21) | 0.87 (0.52, 1.34) | 0.267 |
| Progesterone (nmol/L) | 0.20 (0.12, 0.32) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.31) | 0.063 | 0.12 (0.04, 0.23) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.19) | 0.762 |
| E2 (nmol/L) | 0.49 (0.36, 0.68) | 0.42 (0.29, 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.09, 0.28) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.27) | 0.970 |
| fE2 (nmol/L) | 0.010 (0.007, 0.016) | 0.008 (0.006, 0.013) | <0.001 | 0.003 (0.001, 0.004) | 0.003 (0.001,.005) | 0.406 |
| F4 | ||||||
| FG (mmol/L) | 5.22 (4.94, 5.50) | 5.61 (5.33,5.89) | <0.001 | 5.00 (4.78, 5.33) | 5.42 (5.17,5.94) | <0.001 |
| 2hG (mmol/L) | 5.50 (4.67, 6.33) | 6.61 (5.71, 7.40) | <0.001 | 5.39 (4.56, 6.47) | 6.72 (5.77, 7.40) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3 (5.1, 5.5) | 5.5 (5.4, 5.8) | <0.001 | 5.4 (5.3, 5.6) | 5.6 (5.4, 5.9) | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 50.0 (36.0, 66.0) | 66.0 (49.0, 102.0) | <0.001 | 46.2 (35.4,66.0) | 66.0 (47.3, 90.0) | <0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.35 (0.028) | 0.33 (0.028) | <0.001 | 0.35 (0.023) | 0.33 (0.026) | <0.001 |
| FF4 | ||||||
| FG (mmol/L) | 5.44 (5.16, 5.72) | 6.22 (5.77, 6.55) | <0.001 | 5.27 (4.94, 5.61) | 6.05 (5.55, 6.38) | <0.001 |
| 2hG (mmol/L) | 5.52 (4.66, 6.50) | 8.38 (7.33, 9.99) | <0.001 | 5.66 (4.72,6.49) | 8.27 (7.77,10.1) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 (5.1, 5.5) | 5.6 (5.4, 6.0) | <0.001 | 5.4 (5.3,5.6) | 5.7 (5.4, 5.9) | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 49.9 (36.6, 74.9) | 81.0 (56.5, 117.6) | <0.001 | 52.2 (36.5, 74.9) | 84.0 (58.6,105.3) | <0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.34 (0.029) | 0.32 (0.029) | <0.001 | 0.35 (0.029) | 0.32 (0.024) | <0.001 |
*Men and perimenopausal/postmenopausal women not taking antidiabetic medication.
†Perimenopausal/postmenopausal women not on oral contraceptives or HRT.
‡Comparison of descriptive characteristics of the study population with (case) and without (non-case) glycemic deterioration. Glycemic deterioration (yes/no) is defined as the progression from NGT to pre-diabetes, NGT to T2D, and pre-diabetes to T2D from F4 to FF4.
CRP, C reactive protein; E2, Estradiol; eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine-based); F4, baseline; fE2, Free estradiol; FF4, follow-up; FG, Fasting glucose; HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; 2hG, 2h-glucose; HRT, Hormone replacement therapy; KORA, Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg; NGT, Normoglycemia; 17-OHP, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TSH, Thyroid-stimulating hormone.