Table 4.

Effects of traditional cigarette and e-cigarette tax rates on smoking and vaping outcomes among adults using a two-way fixed effects model among adults < 40 years: Combined BRFSS and NHIS data, 2011–2018

Outcome:	Current traditional cigarette use	Daily traditional cigarette use	Current e-cigarette use	Daily e-cigarette use	Current dual use	Current any use
Traditional cigarette tax rate	0.0045 [−0.0051,0.0140]	−0.0073** [−0.0141,−0.0005]	0.0080** [0.0012,0.0148]	0.0048*** [0.0024,0.0073]	0.0091*** [0.0048,0.0134]	0.0237*** [0.0064,0.0411]
E-cigarette tax rate	−0.0105 [−0.0241,0.0031]	0.0119*** [0.0039,0.01991	−0.0182*** [−0.0286,−0.0078]	−0.0062*** [−0.0106,−0.0018]	−0.0155*** [−0.0229,−0.0081]	−0.0366** [−0.0676,−0.0057]
Observations	869,138	868,656	304,198	304,007	303,160	303,160
Proportion of outcome variable	0.199	0.135	0.070	0.025	0.033	0.224
Number of clusters	50	50	50	50	50	50

Notes: BRFSS = Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. NHIS = National Health Interview Survey. Each column presents partial results from a single regression model. The unit of observation is an individual in a county in a year. Data are weighted to make the number of observations for each state, year, gender, race/ethnicity, and five-year age band cohort be proportionate to its national population share. Models are estimated with a linear probability model and control for locality-level and individual-level variables reported in Table 1, county fixed effects, and quarter-by-year fixed effects. 95% confidence intervals account for within-state correlations and are reported in square brackets.

^***= statistically different from zero at the 1% level

^**= statistically different from zero at the 5% level

^*= statistically different from zero at the 10% level